Travel Observations

Travel Tip Guide

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 07 Jul 2008 22:53:00 +0000

Hawaii: beautiful beaches, perfect weather, amazing surf, exquisite cuisine, and one of the world's favorite places to visit on a much-needed vacation. Here's a quick tour of Hawaii with some highlights, hotel information and the key to an amazing Hawaii vacation. Here's the secret: find an inexpensive package that will get you a ticket to the island, a hotel, and a beach tour or restaurant all in one. Read More... It is understandable why California attracts a lot of people. There it is warm and sunny most part of the year, Los Angeles is full of movie stars, rollerblading babes can be found all over the place in Venice Beach. Even if it is exaggerated, this part of the California mystique is real and not very hard to find. But California has other things too, that are not scripted, sanitized, and broadcast to the mesmerized masses of the world. Read More... Florida is also easy to get to, the temperature is pleasurable year round, it offers good value for your money and that’s just for starters. So whether you are looking for a family vacation, a romantic vacation, a relaxing vacation or getting in some golf time, there is a Florida beach vacation area for you. Read More... Lake Tahoe is a pristine recreational lake area. With high-stake casino gambling and Las Vegas-style entertainment on one side and spiritual retreats and horseback riding on the other, you can’t go wrong. Everything you could possibly want is available for the vacation rental from posh luxurious mansions to rustic lakeside cabins. Read More... Nothing says New England like a small white church with it's steeple rising in the air high above orange, yellow and red hued fall leaves beneath a sky so blue that you can actually feel the crispness of the fall air. One of these most famous New England churches is the Stowe Community Church in the beautiful 200 plus year old town of Stowe Vermont. Read-More... There are many wonderful resorts with tons of activity in the Hawaiian Islands. However, have you ever considered staying in a vacation rental home or condo? You can experience much of what the resorts offer while enjoying the comforts of home in a private Kauai vacation rental. The island of Kauai still has many secluded areas and beaches, and a private vacation rental can give you access to it all while also giving you an unequally level of privacy.Read More...

THE ANDES MOUNTAINS

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 16 Nov 2006 16:43:00 +0000

Located in South America you will find the Andes Mountains, a mountain range that runs from north to south going along the western coast of the continent. Known as one of the longest and highest mountain ranges in the world, the Andes stretch 4,500 miles. Although the Andes are so high, you will find rainforests in the region due to the humidity and rain. Then as you near the southern region, the mountains become much closer to the Antarctic so the climate is quite a bit colder. You will find a nice variety of plants in the Andes although they are small to help conserve energy. In addition, the leaves are generally stiff but strong, providing protection from the cold weather and frost. The Andes is also home to a number of birds that range from the Condor to Flamingo to Hummingbird. Land animals include things such as Llamas, the Mountain Lion, and Red Perll. Additionally, the Spectacled Bear also calls this area home along with the Andean Iguana and the Giant Toad. The name “Andes” comes from a native word although the meaning is unknown. While there are many beautiful peaks, the tallest is called Mt. Aconcagua, which boasts a magnificent volcano that towers 22,831 feet. Formed by the crustal plates of the Pacific Ocean floor that pushed slowly against the American continental plate, the pressure caused sedimentary rocks to bend and fold, creating the ridges called sierras. However, as the rocks crack, molten granite and igneous rocks erupted from underneath as volcanoes caused the melting of the oceanic plate due to excessive friction. Another interesting fact about the Andes Mountains is that the highest mountains in this range are all volcanoes and even more fantastic, many of them remain active. However, some of the mountains are dormant and then some even extinct. Even so, we still see eruptions and powerful earthquakes. Found in the Andes Mountains are valuable minerals to include lead, zinc, copper, tin, platinum, silver, and even gold.

Guyana

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 20 Apr 2006 10:08:00 +0000

The country of Guyana is magnificent and beautiful. As a perfect blend of South America and the Caribbean, you will find hints of a very difficult past. Located on the northeast corner of the continent, Guyana reaches out some 450 miles from the Atlantic coastline, moving into dense forest. The capital of Guyana is Georgetown, a city that offers comfortable and modern hotels, along with colonial buildings on tree-lined streets. The architecture seen in Georgetown is beautiful wood that provides a look into the Dutch background. While Guyana offers many wonderful things to do and see, the St. George’s Cathedral is truly magnificent and noted as the tallest wooden building in the entire world. Throughout Guyana are powerful rivers to include the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo. Each of these mighty rivers leads into the rainforests and interior jungles. To reach the interior, you can take a boat ride, four-wheel drive, or light aircraft. Once there, you will see for yourself the incredible and natural heritage of the Guyana people. The rainforest of this area still boasts jaguar and howler monkeys. In addition, you will see black Caiman, giant river Otter, and the largest freshwater fish around the globe called the Arapaima, all making their home in the Rupununi River. Throughout the rainforest, you will see intense green from the wings of the massive Macaw flying over and through the canopy of the forest. Other stunning wildlife includes the colorful Toucan, the Harpy Eagle, and Cock of the Rock, and more, flying through the trees and then coming to rest around the Kaieteur Falls. In fact, the Guyana rainforests offer more than 700 native species. While there are many amazing water sites within the Guyana rainforest, Kaieteur Falls is something you want to see. With a 400-foot width and a plunge of 741 feet, this is considered one of the greatest waterfalls in the world. Just its size and power are enough to leave you with a lifetime memory. Other striking water locations in the rainforest include the Kaieteur Gorge, Orinduik Falls, Marshall Falls, and the inspiration for the Lost World, Mount Roraima.

Wounaan Indians

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Tue, 28 Mar 2006 21:04:00 +0000

Deep inside the jungle of the Darien Rainforest in Panama you will find yourself surrounded by very kind and generous people. These people are better known as the Wounaan Indians, which are one of the two groups of the Choco Indians that migrated from a region, with the same name, in Colombia in the times when Panama was part of that country.

The most interesting characteristic that distinguishes this group of Indians from the rest is the ability to weave intricate baskets. As a daily activity you can see Wounaan Indian women, and even the youngest girls weaving baskets in their free time. The art of the Wounaan Basketry combines nature and their native culture. These women weave the Chunga Palm with other plants and vines, bark and leaves. The more refined decorative baskets are created from palm materials of the Nahual bush and the Chunga tree and usually have many colors. There are baskets that are simple and utilitarian and which might be used to carry heavy loads or small animals or fish, and some others that are used for agricultural purposes such as carrying seeds or harvesting crops.

Now the Indians create smaller versions of these beautiful baskets so others can own them and they can purchase much needed items for their tribe.

Everyone, whether an orchid grower or not agrees...

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Fri, 10 Mar 2006 20:12:00 +0000

Everyone, whether an orchid grower or not agrees that there is something magical about orchids. For centuries, the orchid has stood firm as the symbol of beauty, love, and luxury. The Chinese referred to orchids as the "Plant of the King's Fragrance", the Greek called orchids a symbol of "Virility", and during the Middle Ages, the orchid was used for its herbs and medicinal remedies. In fact, since orchids were considered a strong aphrodisiac, being the prime ingredient in love potions. Even today, the orchid is associated with romance and love.

Scientists have confirmed through years and years of research that orchids actually date back 120 million years. The actual cultivation of orchids is still something not known but the first reference known was made by a Chinese Emperor by the name of Sheng Nung. You will also find a huge variety of wild orchids in South America, creating color and beauty in many different regions of the country. In fact, it is common to find people of South America growing orchids as houseplants, sometimes in a sunny window and other times in a hothouse.

The process of collecting orchids dates back to the 18th Century when the gorgeous and unique flowers coupled with an intoxicating fragrance drew the attention of people around the world. During this same time, just a few orchid samples were brought back to England by sea captains that had visited far away lands. For the amateur gardener and the botanists, the orchid was a curious flower that stirred up intense curiosity. During the 1700's, the orchid received tremendous attention.

For example, in 1712, a German doctor by the name of Englebert Kaempfer mentioned the orchid from the East in a special study called the Amoenitatum Escoticarun and then in 1735, a Swedish botanist named Carl Von Line (Linnaeus) wrote a study called Genera Plantarum, which later paved the way for Darwin's studies. He would write another study in 1763 whereby 100 different types of tropical orchids were identified.

Then in 1830, the famous botanist, John Lindley, wrote several books on the subject of orchids with "The Genus and Species of Orchidaceae Plants" propelling him to success. However, it was in 1862 when the first real contribution regarding strategies for propagation was published by Darwin. Even so, William Cattley was the person to change history when in 1818 he made a great discovery.

We know from historical reports he was unpacking several plants he had purchased and had shipped home. When the box was opened, he found that his plants were packed in a strange material, which was actually a plant form of unknown origin. Curious, Catley planted the strange "packing material" only to discover that eventually, they bloomed. Those plants were what we know today as the Cattleya Orchid.

Upon his discovery, everyone wanted this "new" plant and soon millions of orchids were stripped from entire forests, many coming from South America. Then by 1878, Catley had been able to identify up to 500 different orchid species, leaving many forests completely void of this magnificent flower. For this reason, collecting orchids is now banned and many species reside on the endangered list. By the 19th century, people had an unassailable appetite for the orchid, which skyrocketed prices. With that, growers began learning more about this flower along with the special needs of successfully growing them.

From that time to the present, the germination process was identified, new species discovered, and in depth understanding gained. The orchid is by far one of the most diverse species of all plants. You can find these stunning plants in tropical rain forests, up high in the mountains, and at your local gardening center. Whether from the United States or South America, orchids are magnificent species unmatched by any other plant.

Today, the orchid family consists of anywhere between 25,000 and 30,000 different species as well as 70,000 hybrids. Although the most popular orchids hail from Asia, South America is especially rich in wild orchids. When visiting South American countries or other countries where orchids grow, you will notice this flower growing in two primary ways. First, there is the monopodial growth, an upright axis from which leaves will appear and second, the sympodial growth, which means a prostrate axis from which shoots appear.

Then within these two categories are four specific groups. First, there is the terrestrial orchids, which have roots in the soil, climbing orchids that grow in treetops with the roots clinging to the bark for nutrients, Lithophytes, which grow on rocks or places with little soil, and then saprophytes, which get nutrients and water from decaying matter of fungi. However, the most amazing aspect of orchids is that not only do they come in every possible color but they also have a magnificent fragrance.

Tijuana

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Tue, 07 Mar 2006 19:06:00 +0000

Tijuana is the largest city in the state of Baja California, Mexico. Tijuana is also the most northerly city in Latin America. It is known as the corner of Mexico and consequently of Latin America. The city is bordered to the north by San Diego County, California, United States; to the south, by the municipalities of Playas de Rosarito and Ensenada; with the municipality of Tecate to the east; and to the west, by the Pacific Ocean. The municipality of Tijuana has an extension of 1,727 square kilometers and includes part of the Coronado Islands located off the coast of the municipality in the Pacific Ocean.

Population

According to the INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática Eng: National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing) the municipality of Tijuana in 2000 included 1,210,820 inhabitants. More than 20 universities and centers for higher education give it a dynamic student sector. The city ranks fifth in population in Mexico, after Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey and Puebla.

Geography

This border city just south of San Diego, California, USA, is sometimes considered a mix of Mexico's good and bad: known for its economic prosperity, popular discos, and shopping areas, Tijuana is also considered to be Mexico's biggest illicit drug and prostitution center. Many of the prostitutes are women from Central America who hope to enter the United States.

Name and mottoes

Avenida Revolución has many open bars, pharmacies, and curio shops that attract many tourists. The majority of these businesses accept the U.S. dollar and use English to conduct everyday business transactions. Historians have investigated the origins of the name of the city of Tijuana. One legend says that it was the name of a ranch in the area, property of "Tía Juana" - Aunt Jane. In actuality, it is recognized that name comes from the Yuman Indian language from the early inhabitants. In other documents there are mentions of "La Tia Juana", "Tiguana", "Tiuana", "Teguana", "Tiwana", "Tijuan", "Ticuan", "Tijuana". Based on the Yuman language, historians have come to recognize Tijuana originating from "Tiwan", meaning close to the sea. These studies notwithstanding, many Americans still mistakenly believe the city to be called "Tiajuana".

The city is nicknamed "TJ", especially among English speakers, but also by the Spanish-speaking residents, who pronounce it as ti yei. The latter also refer to the city as Tijuas.

Tijuana's city motto is Aquí empieza la patria. The Mexican government actually translates it as "Gateway to Mexico", but the literal translation is "The homeland starts here". It is also sometimes known as the "Most visited city in the world", owing to its proximity to the world's busiest border crossing.

History

Traffic traveling into Mexico through San Ysidro tends to be less congested than traveling vice versa. The border entering Mexico is also less guarded.The area in which the city of Tijuana is situated in a region once inhabited by the Kumeyaay Indians, a tribe of Yuman-speaking hunter-gatherers. Europeans first arrived in 1542, when the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo toured the coastline of the area, which was later mapped in 1602 by Sebastián Viscaíno. In 1769, Father Juan Crespí documented more detailed information about the area that would one day be called the Valley of Tijuana and Father Junípero Serra founded the first mission of Alta California in San Diego.

More settlement of the area took place near the end of the mission era when José María Echendía, governor of the Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to Santiago Argüello in 1829. This large cattle ranch, Rancho Tía Juana ("Aunt Jane Ranch"), covered 100 square kilometres.

In 1848, as a result of the Mexican-American war with the United States, Mexico lost all of Alta California. Tijuana acquired a new and distinct character and purpose on the international border. The city began to shed its cattle ranching origins and began to play in a new role, forming a socio-economic structure for the city.

The year 1889 marked the beginning of the urban settlement, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and Agustín Olvera entered an agreement to begin development of the city of Tijuana. The agreement was dated July 11 of that year. Decades later, during the second Symposium of History held in 1975, this date was recognized as the date the city was founded.

Tijuana saw its future in tourism from its inception. From the end of the 19th century to the first decades of the 20th, the city attracted large numbers of Californians crossing over the border, coming to Mexico for trade and entertainment.

During the Mexican Revolution, Tijuana was also a small stage for revolutionaries loyal to Ricardo Flores Magón, who took over the city in 1911. Shortly, thereafter, federal troops arrived and routed the rebels. Being so close to the action, San Diegans could watch the battle from the safety of the international border.

In 1916, the Feria San Diego, California Panamá brought a great number of visitors to the neighboring American city to the north. Tijuana took the opportunity to attract these tourists to the other side of the border with Feria Típica Mexicana. The fair included curio shops, regional foods, thermal baths, horse racing and boxing matches. With this event, the city became universally known as a tourist destination.

The 1920s changed Tijuana forever when the enactment of prohibition in the U.S. sent droves of Americans across the border to partake in legal drinking and gambling. Large and impressive casinos opened, like Agua Caliente in Tijuana. The Caesar Salad was invented there during this period.

The Himalayas

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 02 Mar 2006 18:41:00 +0000

The Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, extend along the northern frontiers of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma. They were formed geologically as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Asia. This process of plate tectonics is ongoing, and the gradual northward drift of the Indian subcontinent still causes earthquakes (see Earthquakes, this ch.). Lesser ranges jut southward from the main body of the Himalayas at both the eastern and western ends. The Himalayan system, about 2,400 kilometers in length and varying in width from 240 to 330 kilometers, is made up of three parallel ranges--the Greater Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the Outer Himalayas--sometimes collectively called the Great Himalayan Range. The Greater Himalayas, or northern range, average approximately 6,000 meters in height and contain the three highest mountains on earth: Mount Everest (8,796 meters) on the China-Nepal border; K2 (8,611 meters, also known as Mount Godwin-Austen, and in China as Qogir Feng) in an area claimed by India, Pakistan, and China; and Kanchenjunga (8,598 meters) on the India-Nepal border. Many major mountains are located entirely within India, such as Nanda Devi (7,817 meters) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The snow line averages 4,500 to 6,000 meters on the southern side of the Greater Himalayas and 5,500 to 6,000 on the northern side. Because of climatic conditions, the snow line in the eastern Himalayas averages 4,300 meters, while in the western Himalayas it averages 5,800 meters.

The Lesser Himalayas, located in northwestern India in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in north-central India in the state of Sikkim, and in northeastern India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, range from 1,500 to 5,000 meters in height. Located in the Lesser Himalayas are the hill stations of Shimla (Simla) and Darjiling (Darjeeling). During the colonial period, these and other hill stations were used by the British as summer retreats to escape the intense heat of the plains. It is in this transitional vegetation zone that the contrasts between the bare southern slopes and the forested northern slopes become most noticeable.

The Outer or Southern Himalayas, averaging 900 to 1,200 meters in elevation, lie between the Lesser Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, this southernmost range is often referred to as the Siwalik Hills. It is possible to identify a fourth, and northernmost range, known as the Trans-Himalaya. This range is located entirely on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, north of the great west-to-east trending valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Although the Trans-Himalaya Range is divided from the Great Himalayan Range for most of its length, it merges with the Great Himalayan Range in the western section--the Karakoram Range--where India, Pakistan, and China meet.

The southern slopes of each of the Himalayan ranges are too steep to accumulate snow or support much tree life; the northern slopes generally are forested below the snow line. Between the ranges are extensive high plateaus, deep gorges, and fertile valleys, such as the vales of Kashmir and Kulu. The Himalayas serve a very important purpose. They provide a physical screen within which the monsoon system operates and are the source of the great river systems that water the alluvial plains below (see Climate, this ch.). As a result of erosion, the rivers coming from the mountains carry vast quantities of silt that enrich the plains.

The area of northeastern India adjacent to Burma and Bangladesh consists of numerous hill tracts, averaging between 1,000 and 2,000 meters in elevation, that are not associated with the eastern part of the Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh. The Naga Hills, rising to heights of more than 3,000 meters, form the watershed between India and Burma. The Mizo Hills are the southern part of the northeastern ranges in India. The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are centered in the state of Meghalaya and, isolated from the northeastern ranges, divide the Assam Valley from Bangladesh to the south and west.

MITLA - MIXTEC RUINS

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Wed, 01 Mar 2006 16:20:00 +0000

Some of the most amazing things to see in Mexico are the ruins, which provide us with a glance into a very important and sometimes difficult past. Take the Mitla, Mixtec Ruins as an example. The name Mitla comes from the word Mictlan, a Nahuatl word that translates to "Place of the Dead." Now, the ruins are also called Lyobaa in the Zapotecan language, which translates to "Burial Place."

The Mitla Ruins are indeed a location with tombs of ancient priests and kings. Through years of archeological study, it is estimated that the site was inhabited as early as 900 BC. However, the current ruins and structures date between 200 and 900 AD. As you travel about the ruins, you will discover many different and unique structures.

For example, the city itself corresponds with the peak of Zapotecan rule over Monte Alban from 500 BC to 800 AD, although there was tremendous growth from 750 to 1521 AD at which time the Zapotecan rule ended. Because of this, you will see some ruins that are very ornate and detailed while others have a more rustic, ancient appearance.

In the late 1500s, a Spanish explorer by the name of Canseco came to this region and stated that the interior chamber of the Hall of Columns was the home of the High Priest. In fact, Father Burgoa who was a Spanish Chronicler added to that saying that Mitla was also the residence of the Zapotec High Priest. This man was so incredibly powerful that legend tells us even King Zaashila bowed to his commands. Burgoa also stated that the High Priest rules from a jaguar covered thrown.

This ancient city was originally comprised of five primary palaces. One of these palaces was for the Zapotecan High Priest, one for the secondary priests, one for the military officers, and then one maintained for the king along with his entourage whenever they were in Monte Alban. As you can imagine, the Mitla - Mixtec Ruins were quite impressive in the time and today, you can experience what is left.

To get to the Mitla - Mixtec, you would take the famous Pan American Highway. The great thing about this route is that along the way, you pass a number of interesting archaeological sites, along with craft villages and markets. In addition, you can stop to visit the church at Tlacochahuaya, Teotitlan del Valle, which is a weaver's village, the Dominican chapel, and other ruins that include Yagul, Dainzu, and Lambityeco.

You will even have the opportunity the El Tule, which is a massive and ancient cypress tree. The reason the El Tule so incredible is that it is 2,000 years old. This particular tree is in the town of Santa Maria del Tule, which is located just outside Oaxaca where it stands in a churchyard.

As you plan your trip to the Mitla - Mixtec Ruins, try to plan your trip so you can take in some of these amazing sites. You will really enjoy the visit and learn many things about the people of this era.

The Lost Village

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Tue, 28 Feb 2006 13:43:00 +0000

More commonly known as the Lost Village, Ceren was a Classic Period village. Around 595 AD, the Loma Caldera volcano in north central El Salvador erupted with violence. The result was a mass of fiery ash and debris being spewed up to 16 feet deep and almost two miles long. The people living in Ceren, which was only one quarter of a mile from the center of the volcano, ran for their lives, leaving food on the dinner table as homes and fields were destroyed.

For over 1,400 years, this city lay forgotten, thus the name. However, in 1978, excavation was underway when a bulldozer accidentally opened the city, exposing everything perfectly preserved, as if people had simply walked away from the table. Experts are unable to determine the size of Ceren prior to the volcano eruption but through archaeological studies and excavations performed by the University of Colorado, we do know more about this civilization.

To date, excavations have shown that there was a civic building, sanctuary, four households, one sweat bath, and several agricultural fields. Interestingly, the very flash heat that preserved images at Herculaneum and Pompeii also left negative impressions of the agricultural crops. What these images show is that there were eight, 16-rows of corn, squash, manioc, beans, agave, and cotton. In addition, images also showed guava, cacao, and avocado orchids.

Many wonderful and interesting artifacts have been found to include wares used for cooking, storing food, and drinking chocolate. There has also been evidence uncovered relating to ceremonial and civic functions of the sweat bath, feast hall, and sanctuary. However, while all of these discovers are incredible, the people of Ceren are by far the most interesting. For instance, in one of the households, a number of things were discovered to include a cluster of four buildings, garden, and midden. Of these buildings, one was a home, two were made of daub and wattle construction, the roof was thatched, and the columns for supporting the roof at the four corners were adobe.

Inside one of the rooms, a raised bench was found along with two storage jars. In one of the jars, seeds were found and in the other jar, cotton fibers. Other finds included a spindle whorl, which suggested a spinning kit for thread. Another structure found in Ceren was a ramada with a roof but without walls. Then, a storehouse, which interestingly, was still full of storage jars, incensories, metates, hammer stones, and other tools that would have been used during that era, was still in tact. This storehouse still contained shelving, which was stocked with beans and other foods while chili peppers still hung from the rafters.

Although the people from Ceren, the lost village are long gone and the site has been abandoned for centuries, all of these findings have opened the door of opportunity, making this an excavators dream. Now being able to see this site with new technology has made Ceren one of the most incredible discoveries of our time.

Paraguay

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 27 Feb 2006 15:27:00 +0000

Known as the "empty quarter" of the South Pacific, Paraguay is a country that few really know or understand. Distanced from the Latin American mainstream, this country was considered a country with very little to offer. The truth is that Paraguay boasts a number of national parks, a quaint riverside capital, and many wonderful Jesuit missions. The original inhabitants were semi-nomadic Guarani. In fact, historians estimate there were several groups of hunters and gatherers, which were called Guaycuru.

Then in 1524, the first European to cross to Paraguay with the help of aboriginal guides was a man named Alejo Garcia. Just three years later in 1527, Sebastian Cabot took a voyage up the Rio Paraguay but finding no settlements. Then another expedition led by Pedro de Mendoza settled in Asuncion having been forced to leave Buenos Aires. Soon, the colony began to grow and thrive, soon becoming a major Spanish settlement that sparked the intrigue of others interested in socialization.

The population of Native Indians grew, slowly absorbing the Spaniards. With this, the Guarani culture was also adopted to include the customs, languages, and food. As colonies were established, Jesuit missionaries came to help civilize the Indians, achieved with amazing skill. The Indians were encouraged to leave the land, settling instead in Reducciones, which were theocratic communes.

Once there, the Indians helped build churches, learned to paint, sculpt, and became excellent masons. For some, education was a part of the change. However, when the missionaires were forced out in 1767, the settlements began to fade away. Then by 1811, the country of Paraguay declared its independence, something Spain did not fight. For the people of Paraguay, this moment was one filled with pride and honor, something they had wanted for a long time.

However, just a few years later while under control of Jose Gaspar Rodriquez de Francia, known to many as "El Supremo", the country's borders were closed, which encouraged self-sufficiency. This action by Francia meant land and churches were confiscated, and merchants were brought under Francia's control. Dying in 1840, Francia's remains would be scattered into the river. His successor, Carlos Antonio Lopez ended to the country's isolation, taking time and effort to modernize what Francia had tried so hard to destroy.

Unfortunately, while the country was freed, his son was set on destroying the country with the start of the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. When the was ended, more than 58,000 square miles of the land and about 25% of the population were lost, which included the son that had started the war in the first place. Although horrific, Paraguay has fought hard to rebuild. Through various wars and leadership changes, we see a country today being stronger from an economical aspect.

Today, Paraguay offers a lot. For one thing, the country is very interested in visual arts, seen in both theater and galleries. However, the music is actually of European origin, although it has slight touches of Argentinean, Brazilian, and Black. Two of the most popular instruments include the guitar, and interestingly, the harp. Dance is also an important part of the culture to include the bottle and polka dance.

For the food of Paraguay, we see a wide range of sub-tropical and tropical dishes. For starters, Manioc flour is something seen in just about every meal. Some local favorites include Sooyo Sopy, a thick soup made from ground meat, which is then served over noodles or rice, Locro, maize stew, or Mazamorra, corn mush. However, the desserts are delicious and simple, such as Mbaipy, which is truly delicious and made from corn, milk, and molasses.

Lima Peru

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 27 Feb 2006 15:26:00 +0000

Nomadic hunters and gatherers were the first people of Peru. They lived along the coastal regions in caves and in fact, one of the oldest caves called Pikimachay can be dated back to 12,000 BC. Then sometime around 4,000 BC, the nomadic people began planning crops to include squash, beans, chili peppers, and cotton. As time progressed, they learned more skills to include agriculture, weaving, and even religion.

Then the Chavin disappeared around 300 BC but over the following centuries, other people came and went to include the Nazca, Paracas, Necropolis, Salinar, and Wari. In the early 15th century, the majority of Peru was controlled by the Inca Empire, with its influence stretching past Peru into Chile and Colombia. Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador started to explore all of the coastal regions of Peru between 1526 and 1528 where he discovered the many riches of the Empire.

From there, Pizarro went back to Spain where he gathered men and headed up an expedition taking them back to Peru. He entered the northern part of the country in a city called Cajamarca. Soon after in 1533, Pizarro captured the Inca Emperor, Atahualpa. Lima, Peru remained a very peaceful place for the next 200 years, becoming a hub for commercial, social, and political activities.

Located in the western portion of South America, Peru has several borders, Bolivia to the southwest, Chile to the south, Colombia to the north, Brazil to the northeast, and Ecuador to the northwest. The fascinating thing about Peru is that it has three very distinct regions, which include the Andean mountain range, the Amazon basin, and a narrow, coastal belt.

The Andes are comprised of two primary ranges - Oriental and Cordillera Occidental. However, reaching a staggering 22,000 feet about sea level is the largest mountain in Peru, the Huascarian. As you travel through Lima, you will immediately be impressed with the abundance of life. For instance, there are sea lions, pelicans, terns, flamingos, penguins, llama, bears, jaguars, hummingbirds, condors, alpaca, and the list goes on. To complement the wildlife is the beauty of Lima in the form of flora. In addition to hardy plants growing in the woodlands, there are national parks filled with flowers, trees, and lush greenery.

When visiting Lima, Peru, you will have your choice of two seasons. The first is the wet season and the second is the dry season. Typically, the western Andean slopes and coast are dry. The summer months for these regions start in December and run through April. The remainder of the year, the people of Lima experience what is called Garua, or coastal fog, which literally blocks out the sun, which is seldom seen. Then in the Andes, the dry season runs from May to September, again with the wet season spanning out over the remainder of the year. Then if you go to the eastern slopes, you would find dry months similar to those in the highlands and the wet season starting in January, running to April.

Although there are so many things that draw people to Lima, the natural beauty is at the top of the list. People notice that unlike other cities in Peru and South America, Lima seems to be more laid back, calmer environment where people do not stress. In fact, rather than feel like a larger metropolitan, Lima has the feel of a cluster of smaller towns. Some of the finest entertainment is at the Penas, which are bars where the famous folk and Creole music can be heard. If you prefer, you can visit any number of open marketplaces and of course, dine at some of the most amazing restaurants.

Other opportunities include some great museums where you can enjoy a glance into the past life of the Peruvian people. Then if you head to the south portion of Lima, you will discover some gorgeous white beaches and beautiful, cool waters. Although there are few amenities on these beaches, you will find a few cafes. If you love solitude, then the El Silencio beach is the place to visit. Lima, Peru is a living art gallery consisting of stone craft, textiles, metalwork, and fine pottery.

This city has a unique blend of Spanish colonization coupled with strong native Indian influences. There are beautiful paintings that mimic European style, amazing architecture, and the distinctive Cuzco style. Additionally, the people of Peru enjoy the popular Peruvian music, which is almost all, folk type music, and varied literature. The food in Lima is absolutely, delicious but the spices and flavors vary depending on the region. One of the best is the seafood, which comes fresh from the coast. Other foods that Westerners have a difficult time with is roasted guinea pig but in Peru, it is a coveted delicacy.

Other common foods found in Lima include chopped steak fried with onions, known as Lomo Saltado, White Sea bass that has been marinated in lemon, chili, and onions, called Cebiche de Corvina, and a unique spiced noodle soup made with egg, vegetables, and milk, known as Sopa a la Criolla. The flavors are rich, interesting, and very satisfying. When visiting, consider going during festival times. For instance, in the months of February and March, there is the Carnaval, in June Inti Raymi, an outstanding Inca festival, July the celebration of Peru's Independence, and then in November, Puno Day, a festival featuring flamboyant costumes and street music and dancing.

Andes Mountains

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Fri, 24 Feb 2006 13:20:00 +0000

Located in South America, the Andes Mountain stretches from the north to the south, going along the western coast some 4,500 miles, making this one of the longest and highest mountain ranges in the entire world. When visiting South America, this area is one that you certainly should see. Keep in mind that because some places in the Andes are closer to the equator than other places, the climate is not the same.

This particular mountain range is divided into three specific and natural regions. First, there is the south, second the central region, and third, the northern region. In the southern region, you will find that the temperatures are quite a bit colder due to the mountains being closer to the Antarctic. However, if you were to visit the northern region, you would notice temperatures being hot because the mountain range is closer to the equator.

Because of high humidity levels in the northern ranges, the Andes Mountains has beautiful rainforests. To keep everything so magnificent and green, this region also gets a lot of rain. Typically, when people visit the Andes Mountains, they will head to the northern region because it is far more beautiful, there is more to see, and the temperatures are more pleasant whereas in the southern region, you see few people.

Now, if you head to the central region of the Andes Mountains, the weather tends to be more on the mild side since it is a neutral location. This too is a beautiful part of the mountain range to visit. Interestingly, the Puya Raimondii, which is the largest herb on the planet, grows in the central region, surviving and flourishing at elevations of 13,000 feet above sea level. In fact, this particular herb has been growing in this are for the past century. With this, the leaves grow out from one stem, which means the moisture can run from the leaves to the plant's base so during drought, the plant easily survives.

You will find that a large number of the plants growing in the Andes stay small, which is their natural process for conserving needed energy. Therefore, you will often find plants that are stiff but strong so they can handle cold weather and frost. In addition to plants, the Andes Mountains are also home to many different species of birds. For example, you will find the Condor, Flamingo, Hillstar Hummingbird, and Andean Flicker. Then, there is magnificent wildlife such as the Red Perll, Llamas, the Mountain Lion, the Speckled Bear, Andean Iguana, and the Giant Toad.

Unfortunately, with too much logging, some areas of the Andes Mountains have experienced terrible destruction. With that, the animals have lost shelter and food. Then when you add in the fact that more and more people are now mining for gold, silver, and copper, the soil in some areas has become eroded, this time damaging plants. Even with these challenges, the Andes Mountains are spectacular.

Now, while many areas of the Andes Mountains are perfectly safe for traveling, some areas of South America are considered dangerous due to drug problems and guerilla activity. However, if you work with a reputable and skilled guide, and follow information provided by your travel agent, you will do find. Once there, you will be amazed at how beautiful this area of the world is, simply a slice of heaven waiting to be explored.

Carnaval

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 23 Feb 2006 19:07:00 +0000

The carnival is a celebration that is seen throughout South America, with festivities somewhat unique from country to country. For four days, starting on a Saturday and ending on Fat Tuesday (Mardi Gras), you will have the most amazing time imaginable. As an example, in Rio de Janeiro, the carnival occurs at the peak time during the summer months. Literally thousands of people come from around the globe to watch and participate in the festivities.

Although the origin of this carnival is unknown, most experts agree the event started as some type of pagan celebration somewhere in Greece or Rome. Carnival balls were introduced from Italy in the late 19th century although they were at their most popular from 1930 through the 1950s. In fact, two of the most famous of these balls include those held at the Municipal Theater and the Copacabana Palace.

In addition, during the 1930s the Samba Parade began where it eventually settled at the Sambodrome in the downtown area, in 1984. The Samba is of West African heritage that consists of rhythmic beating of the drums that get your feet moving and soon, dancing. All along the parade route will be Escola dancers displaying their talent to the beat of the Samba drums.

Although the Samba Parade is a major part of the carnival festivities, there are many other things going on. For instance, you can get involved with Banda de Ipanema, which was founded in 1964 and draws in more than 15,000 people. When celebrating the carnival in Brazil, the Portuguese tradition is called Entrudo, which involves throwing flower and mud at unsuspecting spectators. The streets are flooded with all types of colorful parades, some that compete against each other.

Remember, different countries and cities have their own unique style of the carnival. Take Salvador for example, there the music is provided by groups known as Trios Electricos. The sound and volume is so intense that it can almost be deafening. Then in Recife, the music style is called Frevo, and in Bahia, you hear music that sounds more like religious tunes called Afoxe.

If you plan to go watch the proceedings of the Carnival while in South America, we highly recommend that you dress in comfortable clothing and most importantly, blend in. Remember, if you look like a tourist, you will have flour and mud thrown on you. Therefore, the more casual you can dress the better. Additionally, because the crowds are so large, there are unfortunately some pickpockets so keep anything of value at home or at the hotel.

Colombia

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 23 Feb 2006 19:06:00 +0000

Colombia is a magnificent place that offers rainforests, beaches, mountain ranges, beautiful cities, and warm, inviting people. Although there are many incredible places in the world, Colombia deserves to rank near or at the top. Unfortunately, ongoing cocaine cartels and guerilla war has put a damper on travel and even given Colombia the nickname "Locombia", which translates to "mad country."

Sadly, still today an average of 3,000 people are abducted, most being officials. However, this violence has even extended to innocent backpackers out for an adventure to discover the backcountry. Even so, by staying within the safe zones in the major cities and tourist areas, and avoiding the parts of Colombia known for danger, you can travel there to enjoy the country's beauty and rich culture. We recommend you pay attention to any travel news and/or alerts, and work with a reputable travel agent who will steer you in the right direction.

To ensure your safety, remember that travel to the urban areas by any means of transportation is considered highly dangerous. Additionally, when visiting Colombia, do not take or wear any expensive jewelry or clothing, leave high priced cameras, shoes, and purses at home, stay away from any type of public gatherings or crowds, and use the local police only if absolutely necessary in that many have reputations for being two-sided. Finally, regarding safety, if you were approached by a stranger offering to sell you a drink or cigarettes, never accept them as they could be laced with a soporific drug called Borrachero.

In the early years, you would see scattered pockets of various cultures to include the Muisca, Quimbaya, San Agustin, Sinu, Tayrona, and Tierradentro. Many of these tribes were highly skilled in making pottery and gold work. In fact, through years of excavations, some of these treasures have been uncovered in burial chambers, along with magnificent rock paintings, giving us a better glimpse of life in the early, pre-Colombia times.

In 1499, a companion of Christopher Columbus named Alonso de Ojeda came to the Guajira Peninsula, which was the beginning of some of the largest number of expeditions. When the Spaniards arrived, they were merely tolerated by the Indians but when slavery began and land was confiscated, the Indians rebelled. Interestingly, much of modern day Colombia was conquered by the Spanish and in 1544, Colombia was incorporated into Peru. However, in 1739, Colombia split from Peru, becoming a part of the New Granada.

The Spanish took more than land and the Indian's freedom, they also took over the commerce and taxes, which during the 18th century, led to a huge protest. During this time, autonomy occurred but not until 1819 was independence won. Even with this incredible victory, unrest continued over the years between the Liberals and Conservatives. Violence in Colombia had rose to an all-time high by 1990 due to the establishment of paramilitary death squads and the powerful drug cartels. However, the head of the Medellin cocaine cartel was captured in 1991 and a year later escaped but when found, he was assassinated.

One of the greatest challenges of Colombia today is the continuing unrest associated with drug trafficking. This internal conflict has placed this country among the 10 bloodiest places in the entire world. Keep in mind that while this country has struggled from the beginning, there are still wonderful people who want desperately to take back control. In fact, in an effort to help, the United States approved $1.3 billion in aid to support the government in winning the war against the drug cartels and guerrillas.

Again, if you stay within the safe zones, Colombia has much to offer, which includes a number of different ethnic groups that bring with them fabulous cultures, arts, and folklore. As the fourth largest country in all of South America yet the only one that has coastlines on both the Pacific and Caribbean oceans, this is a remarkable country with extreme diversity. Colombia borders with Panama to the northwest, Brazil to the southeast, Venezuela to the east, Peru to the south, and then Ecuador to the southwest.

You will notice that the western regions of Colombia are mountainous, with the Cordillera de los Andes running the entire length of South America, some 5,000 miles. In addition to the beautiful mountains, there are two valleys called Valle del Magdalena and Valle del Cauca. Then when you reach the territory to the east of the Andes, you will find that more than 50% is lowland covered with dense rainforest where rivers meander through.

Another interesting fact about Colombia is that this country has the highest number of animals and plants per unit area of any other country on the planet. For example, you would commonly see deer, armadillo, peccaries, tapirs, and jaguars, although numerous species of monkeys and bears also live in this country. In addition, more than 1,550 species of birds live in Colombia that ranges from the small hummingbird to the massive Andean condor. Marine life is also incredible with more than 130,000 classified plants. With 33 national parks, you can imagine the beauty.

Colombia is also very close to the equator, which means temperatures vary little. Now, as you climb high into the mountain regions, you will notice that for every 1,000 feet, the temperature will drop between five and seven degrees. Even so, this country offers no real universal seasonal pattern. While visiting Colombia, you can enjoy many things from festivals to sightseeing to dancing to eating incredible food. The fish is fantastic, as is the snorkeling and diving, all favorite pastimes of the locals. Again, just stay with educated guides or within the constraints of safe territory and you will have a magnificent time while in Colombia.

The Brazilian Carnival

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Thu, 23 Feb 2006 19:05:00 +0000

The Brazilian Carnival is an annual celebration, celebrated forty days before Easter (marking the start of Lent), in Brazil. It has some differences from its counterparts in Europe, as well there being variations across the large Brazilian territory. The Brazilian Carnival is known in Brazil simply as "carnaval".

Despite the Catholic inspiration, Brazilian Carnival is celebrated more as a profane feast than a religious event. Its origins are European, by a kind of carnival called Introito (Latin for entrance). The entrudo, as it was known in Brazil, could have been characterized mainly as a joke: to throw water (and later, other things) in other people, to "purify the body". The entrudo was prohibited, without success, in middle of the 19th Century, as it was considered violent by the upper classes (it is told that many people died from infections and other diseases, since even rotten fruits were sometimes thrown).

In the late 19th Century, the cordões (literally "laces" in Portuguese) were introduced in Rio de Janeiro, which consisted of groups of people that would walk on the streets playing music and dancing. The cordões were ancestors of the modern samba's school.

The blocos (blocks), another name for the cordões, are some of the current representations of the popular Brazilian Carnival. They are formed by people who dress in costumes according to certain themes, or to celebrate the carnival in specific ways. The schools of samba are truly organizations that work all year in order to prepare themselves for the samba schools parade.

The most international known festivity in Brazilian Carnival takes place in Rio de Janeiro, with its samba schools, blocos and bandas that occupy entire neighborhoods. In some cities of the Northeastern Region, such as Salvador, there is another form of the Brazilian Carnival: the Trio Elétrico. A trio elétrico is an adapted truck, with giant speakers and a platform where musicians play songs of local genres such as Axé music and Maracatu.

During the Carnival, a fat man is elected to represent the role of Rei Momo, the "king" of Carnival, whose rule is one of fun instead of that of everyday authorities.

Brazil

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Wed, 22 Feb 2006 17:03:00 +0000

For more than five centuries, Brazil has been a place of escape, a literal tropical paradise unlike any other place in South America. From the depths of the Amazon to the colorful celebrations, Brazil has and still is a land of mystery and intrigue. The Brazilian Indians were known for developing a very, centralized civilization. However, with the rough terrain of the jungle and the challenge of the humid and hot weather, very little was left behind for future generators to study. Even so, the few things that have been found include shell mounds, pottery, and even skeletons, each providing a small glimpse into the lives of these aboriginals.

Experts estimate that this first community within Brazil lived some six million years ago. Interestingly, today less than 100,000 people live in the jungle areas of Brazil, most deep into the interior where they are hard to reach and even harder to connect to. By 1500, a man by the name of Pedro Alvares Cabral sailed with 13 ships and 1,200 crewmembers from Lisbon to India. However, they accidentally arrived on the Brazilian coast close to today's Porto Seguro. The interesting thing is that some people believe this was their intended target all along but regardless, the discovery was reported back to the King Joao III of Portugal who in 1531 sent the first settlers to this new country.

By 1534, with worry that other European countries would come, the coast was divided into 15 hereditary captaincies, all given to friends of the Crown. Over time and through various attempts, it was discovered that the land of Brazil was perfect for growing sugar cane. To meet the high demands of labor, the Indian population was enslaved, although many resisted. Soon, one of the most lucrative trades for the Brazilians was the sale of salves. These poor Indians were hunted down like animals in the interior and by the mid-1600s, they had been pushed as far as the Peruvian Andes in an attempt to avoid being captured.

Unfortunately, with the control of slaves and the exploits of the Brazilians, a large part of the interior of South American had gone over to Portuguese Brazil. From that time until the 17th century, the Indian slaves were replaced with African slaves who also resisted. Finding they were not nearly as vulnerable to European diseases, they were a better choice but even so, they too lived short lives. Soon, a community of runaway slaves called Ouilombos was created, which usually consisted of small groups that would hide deep in the forest.

Then in the late 17th century, another discovery was made in Brazil - gold. Once word leaked out, people came from all around, flooding the Brazilians and Portuguese. To help work the mines for gold, many African slaves were forced to dig, often dying in the mines through such long hours and harsh labor. Marching into Lisbon in 1807 was Napoleon Bonaparte and just two days after invading, Prince Regent, the Portuguese prince who one-day would become Dom Joao IV, left for Brazil. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, the country of Brazil soon became the only New World colony serving as a European monarch seat.

The prince's son, Pedro, was left behind but when his father returned in 1822, the son drew his sword, and cried out, "independence or death". Prince Regent was a tired man and too weary to fight with his son, Brazil became an independent empire with no man ever losing his life. By the 19th century, a new crop was discovered, coffee, which soon replaced sugar cane as the primary export. Before long, coffee plantations were everywhere, again with slaves used for doing the hard labor. However, in 1888 when slavery was abolished, the work was taken over by European immigrants eager to work the estates.

Unfortunately, Brazil's economy had weakened by 1929. With the government getting their hands into the plantations, opposition arose. However, trying to win the Liberal Election in 1930, they lost at which time the military took power, creating a new leader in Getulio Vargas. Although he remained in office for 24 years, he was forced out of office in 1954. From that time forward, changes were made and the economy began to rebuild. New leadership was appointed, land reform was established, education improved, and other changes were made but even so, many of the Brazilians today remain exceedingly poor.

When visiting Brazil, you will notice the vast diversity, one of the many things that make this such as fascinating country. One of the aspects of this country that pulls the diversity together is the love of music. For example, you will hear the Samba. Although it was at its greatest in the 1930s, the Samba is again a popular genre. A newer form of music hailing from the Caribbean is the Lambada, a beautiful, sensual rhythm that has become internationally popular. Literature is also an important part of the Brazilian culture, with many famous writers having written journals and books about the life of slavery.

However, when in Brazil, the greatest treat is the food. The people here live on Arroz, which is white rice, Feilao, black beans, Farinha, manioc flour, coupled with fish, chicken, or beef, usually a thick, juicy steak. Other dishes to try include Moqueca, a mouth-watering seafood stew that has been specially flavored with coconut milk and dende oil. Then there is okra and a variety of other vegetables mixed with onions, peppers, and shrimp, truly a magnificent dish. Other favorites include Feioada, bean, and meat stew, and Acaraje, which are beans that have been mashed with salt and onions, fried in the dende oil, and finally filed with manioc paste, dried shrimp, seafood, tomato sauce, and pepper - truly delicious.

As the largest country in the world, Brazil takes up about 50% of South America. This country borders Ecuador and Chile, and is a densely populated country. What you find there is four distinct regions that include the Atlantic seaboard, or the coastal ranges, the highland known as Planalto Brasileiro, the great depressions to the south with beautiful forest areas, scrubland, and low woods, and then finally, the massive Amazon Basin to the north, comprised of dense forest. Because of its diversity, you will enjoy the richness of the culture, which is seen in the architecture, the food, the dress, the festivals, and the people.

Bolivia

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Wed, 22 Feb 2006 17:03:00 +0000

Bolivia is often referred to as the Tibet of the Americas, being the most isolated and highest of all Latin American republics. In addition, Bolivia is the most indigenous country on the continent, with more than 50% of the current population holding on dearly to their traditional culture. Sadly, Bolivia is also among the poorest of all South American countries but even so, there is richness in the history and culture. Best of all, this country boasts some of the most breathtaking Andean landscapes imaginable.

All of this coupled with the remnants of ancient civilizations, you would have to agree when you visit that this destination is actually a rich country, full of pride, adventure, and incredible things to do and see. Historians believe that civilization of this country dates back some 21,000 years. Of all eras, probably the Pre-Columbian were the most influential. For example, the Tiahuanaco people who lived on and around Lake Titicaca ruled from 600 to 1200 AD. Then, the Incas came, setting up a vast empire that consisted of Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and the northern part of Chile.

By 1531, the Spanish conquest was going strong, under the leadership of a man called Francisco Pizarro. Very quickly, the conquistadors had used the trust of the Indians, securing territory that would become known as Alto Peru. By 1544, a new discovery was made in silver. This helped boost the Spanish economy for more than 200 years but with the mining conditions being extremely hard, the majority of the enslaved Indian and African slaves died. Although Bolivia had been trying to gain independence for many years, it would not come until 1824 when Lieutenant Antonio Jose de Sucre fought in the Battle of Ayacucho. Just one year later, the country was formally declared its own republic.

After that, the territory of Bolivia quickly expanded. However, Chile wanted more land than it was given, leading to the War of the Pacific that lasted from 1879 to 1884. Chile came out the winner, claiming 527 miles of coastline, along with the Port of Antofagasta. Unfortunately, other countries to include Brazil, Peru, and Argentina followed suite, started chipping away at Bolivia's land and by 1943, a huge border dispute erupted with Paraguay over oil deposits. That led to the Chaco War from 1932 to 1935, which created a tremendous amount of unrest and the change of reform-minded military leaders.

However, probably the most impacting development for Bolivia came in the form of the populist Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionarario, known more often as MNR. Under the leadership of Victor Paz Estenssoro in 1951, the MNR provoked an armed revolt that we know as the April Revolution of 1952. Although Bolivia's military was defeated, in 1964, the MNR had been overthrown and in 1985, Estenssoro was defeated. Today, the country is beginning to strengthen although unemployment remains extremely low. The only serious challenge currently being faced is that Bolivia has a bad reputation for growing cocaine, which has hurt ties with the United States.

However, most areas of Bolivia are safe, as long as you stay within the right zones and pay attention to your guide's advice. When visiting this beautiful country, you will enjoy wonderful music, which is at the heart of the Bolivian people. Interestingly, the sounds you hear are regional so when in the Andes, you would hear an almost haunting type of music, specifically in the Altiplano area whereas other areas such as Tarija have a lighter sound. To go along with the music are incredible dances. The Cueca, Tinku, and Auqui-auqui are all popular culture forms of dance that have changed very little over the past 3,000 years.

Of the people living in Bolivia, most speak Spanish although other languages include Aymara, which is the Altiplano language, or Quechua, the Incan language. The food in Bolivia is simply delicious. Most dishes come with meat, shredded lettuce, rice, and potatoes. However, to spice up any dish, a favorite type of hot sauce made from pepper pods and tomatoes is wonderful, called Llajhua. To wash down the food, most people drink wine, Bolivian beer, or a serious type of maize liquor!

Nestled between several countries to include Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Paraguay, Bolivia is still the fifth largest country in all of South America. The regions are divided in fifths. First, you have the Altiplano, a densely populated area that features an 11,460-foot plateau stretching from the border of Peru north of Lake Titicaca and south to the border of Argentina, and the highlands, where you will enjoy the best climate. Then, you have the Yungas, which is actually a transition zone laying between the cold peaks of the Andes and the hot and humid Amazon rainforest. Next is Chaco, which is an uninhabited plain with hot, humid temperatures running along the Argentina and Paraguay borders. Finally, there are the underdeveloped savannas, scrubland, swampland, and rainforest of the Amazon Basin.

As a whole, the country of Bolivia is sparsely populated. Because of this, it is also one of the best places in all of South America for wildlife. For instance, it is common to see llama, jaguar, vicuna, anteater, tapir, alpaca, bear, turtle, alligator, capybara, condor, and rhea. You will also find a wide range of climates because of the diversity of the land. Typically, Bolivia stays more on the cool side with periods of rain usually from November to March. The colder cities include Potosi and La Paz while the region of Altiplano gets the most rain.

The people of Bolivia are very religions, often celebrating an Indian or Christian god, saint, or important political event. With this, you will find the country celebrating with a number of festivals such as the Fiesta de la Vifgen de Candelaria, which is a festival in honor of the virgin. Lasting a full week, you will enjoy food, drink, dancing, music, and many uninhibited people. Another exciting festival is the Festividad de Nuestro Senor Jesus del Gran Poder, which is held in May and June to honor Jesus Christ.

The country of Bolivia has much to offer visitors. You can enjoy some of the more popular areas such as La Paz, Lake Titicaca, definitely something to see, Sorata, and Cochabamba, or if you prefer, head to some of the more challenging areas to include Salar De Uyini, Laguna Colorada, and San Vicente, the place where the famous Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid lost their final battle. The scenery is magnificent and the people inviting.

Argentina

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Wed, 22 Feb 2006 17:03:00 +0000

The word, "Argentina" conjures up all kinds of thoughts, mostly of colorful costumes, sexy tango, Evita, gauchos, and romance. Although these are all attributes of a beautiful country, Argentina is also a country with a declining economy and unstable government. Even so, the mystic and romance of this country remains while boasting numerous cultural attractions and natural wonders. To the north, you will find vast deserts, the Iguazu Falls, which are truly magnificent, and an incredible and varied geography. For example, while in Argentina, you could travel to the capital city of Buenos Aires, a sophisticated area that is actually quite westernized or venture deep into tropical rainforests.

This country tucked into the shadows of the Andes Mountains is considered a safe destination for tourist travelers and an affordable place to visit. During the pre-Colombian days, Argentina was a farming community where sedentary Indians lived and hunted. Although the Spanish tried to invade the country, the Indians held strong to their resistance. Today, Buenos Aires is a bustling, successful city but it was not established until 1580. Even then, it remained a quiet place for about 200 years.

Then, with the Indian populations spread out and not enough work, huge cattle ranches were created, which are called Haciendas. With this, the legendary Gaucho (Argentina cowboy) would be formed. By 1776, Buenos Aires became Rio de la Plata's capital, which showed that the domination of Spain was getting old and bothersome. Still unhappy with the interference seen by Spain, the revolution of 1810 began, which would eventually lead to Argentina's independence in 1816.

As the 20th century rolled around, things continued to change, moving to new leadership. However, from 1976 to 1983, Argentina underwent what is known as the "Dirty War". With this death squads operated, which resulted in 10,000 to 30,000 people disappearing. The best-known victims, called Madres de la Plaza de Maya, tried to keep public vigils for those whose mysteriously disappeared. With continuing internal conflict, the battle for the Malvinas and Falklands erupted. The result was hysteria in both countries, causing a British flotilla to sail around the world to save remaining areas of the map, although small.

While the British were able to stake claim on some of the land, the true ownership of the Malvinas is still today disputed. Interestingly, the Argentine foreign minister offered to buy the islands in 1995, offering each of the 2,000 islanders $800,000 in United States money but with the British believing that oilfields were located just offshore, more fighting is likely. Since that time, Argentina has undergone many leadership changes, economic struggles, and a prolonged recession.

However, when you visit Argentina today, in spite of the ongoing struggles of these people, you cannot help but feel overwhelmed by the beauty seen all around. For example, the country is permeated with magnificent art and architecture, and the lifestyle is festive and inviting. However, literature is strong in Argentina with many famous writers being born from this country. With such an interest in cultural trends, you will find wonderful art galleries and museums dotting the country, along with a lively theater district.

Even with such a stronghold of the arts, dance is what most people think of when they travel to Argentina, specifically the tango. This particular dance captures the minds and imagination of lovers from around the world. Sensual, the tango is regarded as one of the best dances in the world. However, you will also find folk music on the rise. In addition to music and dance, soccer is also a favorite pastime of Argentina, with the country taking the coveted World Cup in 1976 and again in 1986.

Most of the locals speak Spanish although the immigrants will also speak their native tongue. In addition, Italian, although not widely spoken, is understood. In all, 17 languages are used by the people of Argentina, some that include Guarani, Matacos, Quechua, and Tobas. Now, if you want to enjoy a steak, no place on the planet will you taste beef anything like that in Argentina. Favorite dishes include Parrillada, which are mixed grills but keep in mind that many times, every part of the animal will be used to include the udders, intestines, and so on. For dessert, the Helado, which is ice cream, is incredible.

Most people are surprised by the vastness of Argentina but considering that it is the eighth largest country in the world and the second largest in South America, it should come as no surprise. To the west of Argentina, you will find Chile, which is separated by the Andean Cordilleras range. Then to the north are Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The openness and mass land is so amazing and so diverse.

The way you look at this country is in four distinct provinces. These include the Andes to the west, the fertile lowland to the north, central Pampas, and then Patagonia. The interesting thing is that each of these regions is different. For instance, the Andes are comprised of grape-filled foothills and glacial mountains, the lowland is subtropical rainforest, the Pampas is both dry and humid land, and Patagonia offers glacial regions along with pastoral steppes.

If you enjoy the outdoor activities, then you will love the 20 national parks where protected wildlife live. Some of the animals in these areas include the Caiman, Puma, Rhea, Andean Condor, Flamingo, Penguins, and more. Of course, the rainforests features colorful birds, monkeys, and other fascinating animals. While this country is colorful and full of life, Argentina offers very few festivals. Regardless, to experience South America and all its beauty, Argentina is an ideal place to start.

San Jose Costa Rica

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Tue, 21 Feb 2006 12:58:00 +0000

San José

San José is the capital and largest city of the nation of Costa Rica. It is also the capital of San José Province.

San José is located in the center of the country. It is on a mountain plateau at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea level. In 1997 the city had an estimated population of 329,154 people: the latter half of the 20th century was a period of rapid growth for the city, considering that in 1950 its population was a mere 86,900.

History

San José was a small village of little significance until 1824. In that year, Costa Rica's first elected head of state, liberal Juan Mora Fernández, decided to move the government of Costa Rica from the Old Spanish colonial capital of Cartago and make a fresh start with a new city. This was a time of much optimism in the newly independent nation of Central America, of which Costa Rica was at that time a state (see: History of Central America). The new capital of San José grew rapidly. Because of its late 18th century origin, San José has little of the Spanish colonial architecture common in most other Latin American capitals.

The University of Costa Rica was established here in 1843. San José also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Since then, it has grown rapidly and extended in the Central Valley. Along with Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago and other cities, the population reached 1.57 million in 2004, number 76 in the list of largest cities in the Americas. The cities of Heredia, Alajuela and San José are very close to each other. The Juan Santamaría International Airport and the Palacio de los Deportes are located in the metropolitan area, GAM San José.

Important places in the city include the Banco Central de Costa Rica, La Sabana Metropolitan Park, Avenida Central (which is one of the major commercial areas in the city). The Central Park and la Plaza de la Cultura are visited by thousands of workers and tourists every day. The Melico Salazar Theater (National Theatre) and the Cathedral are landmarks in the central area. In the south, the Clínica Bíblica (a private hospital) and the Pacific Train Station are important buildings.

Attractions

In San Jose there are many museums and attractions offering a different alternative to explore the city. One of these is the gold museum offering a rare look at the different gold artifacts of ancient Latin American civilizations. A second interesting attraction for the less adventurous is the Lancaster Botanical Gardens just outside of San Jose. A third famous Costa Rican location is the Hotel and Casino del Ray, which is a famous hotel in the heart of San Jose with the famous Blue Marlin Bar inside.

San Salvador

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Tue, 21 Feb 2006 12:57:00 +0000

San Salvador is the capital of El Salvador.

The origins of the city can be traced to before the Spanish Conquest. It is near the present location of San Salvador that the Pipil tribes, descendants of the Aztecs in Mexico, established their capital, Cuzcatlán. Not very much is known about this city, since its inhabitants abandoned it in an effort to avoid Spanish rule.

Although the city was founded in the 16th century, it was rebuilt and changed location twice afterwards. Originally founded in what is now the colonial town of Suchitoto, north of the present-day city, it was moved to the Valle de Las Hamacas (literally Valley of the Hammocks due to the intense seismic activity that characterizes it), which boasted more space and more fertile land, thanks to the pristine Acelhuate River (sadly, it is now extremely polluted). As the population of the country remained relatively small up until the early 20th century, the city grew slowly. It became somewhat of a tourist attraction during the early 20th century as it was considered a beautiful city: with a population of approximately 30,000 it was small, spacious, and clean.

Today, San Salvador is a modern city. The city proper has a population of about half a million, and covers an area of approximately 75 square kilometers. The explosive growth during and after the war created a metropolitan area (the AMSS, Area Metropolitana de San Salvador) that is administered as a whole. The AMSS covers an area of approximately 610 square kilometers and has a population of about 2.1 million.

The Pan-American Highway runs through the city, connecting it with other urban areas in Central America and the United States. San Salvador is also the overall transportation and economic hub of the nation, since it is home to one third of the population and one half of the country's wealth.

The city's modern downtown area has many high-rise buildings, but very few of the historic landmarks remain, due to the earthquakes that have hit the city since its founding in 1525 by Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado. Today, the city produces beer, tobacco products, textiles, and soaps.

San Salvador is a large city whose population is starkly divided between the wealthy and impoverished. The wealthier neighborhoods of Escalón, Ciudad Merliot and San Benito boast luxury shops (some of the largest malls in Central America, including the largest shopping mall in Central America, Metrocentro), five-star hotels, tree lined avenues and beautiful, well-guarded mansions. However, most of the other neighborhoods in Apopa and Soyapango, among others, are hot, dusty and overcrowded, and are plagued by skyrocketing crime rates.

While the city is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the country (per capita GDP is approximately USD $6000, compared to a national average of approximately $2300), poverty is one of its major problems. Pollution is also a major problem, with San Salvador considered the most polluted city in Central America (although far from the extremes of Mexico City).

The city has suffered from severe earthquakes over the years, the most disastrous of which occurred in 1854. Also worthy of mentioning is the 1917 eruption of the San Salvador volcano, which resulted in three major earthquakes and damaged the city so extensively that the government was forced to move the capital to the present-day city of Santa Tecla, then named Nueva San Salvador. The most recent Earthquake, in 2001, resulted in considerable damage, especially in Las Colinas suburb where a landslide destroyed most of Las Colinas. During the 1980s, conflicts in El Salvador erupted into a civil war, and many people fled to the city since most of the fighting occurred outside of it (San Salvador itself was not directly affected by the war until the final offensive of 1989).

Costa Rican Coffee

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 20 Feb 2006 14:51:00 +0000

The cultivation of coffee is a leading industry in Costa Rica, and has long been a source of prosperity. It was begun a hundred years ago; a few plants having been brought from New Granada, and the first trial being successful, it has rapidly extended. All the coffee is grown in the plain of San Jose, where the three principal towns are situatedabout two-thirds being produced in the environs of the capital, a fourth in those of Hindia, and the remainder at Alhajuela, and its vicinity. The land which has been found by experience to be best suited to coffee is a black loam, and the next best, a dark-red earth--soils of a brown and dull yellow color being quite unsuitable. The plain of San Jose is mostly of the first class, being, like all the soils of Central America, formed with a large admixture of volcanic materials. Contrary to the experience of Java and Arabia, coffee is here found to thrive much better, and produce a more healthy and equal berry on plain land, than upon hills, or undulating slopes, which doubtless arises from the former retaining its moisture better, and generally containing a larger deposit of loam. Click here to read more.

The jaguar

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 20 Feb 2006 14:51:00 +0000

The jaguar, or as he is sometimes called, the American tiger, is the largest and most ferocious of the cat family found on this continent. Some jaguars have been seen equal in size to the Asiatic tiger; but in most cases the American, animal is smaller. He is strong enough, however, to drag a horse or an ox to his densometimes to a long distance; and this feat has been frequently observed.

The jaguar is found in all the tropical parts of North and South America. While he bears a considerable likeness to the tiger, both in shape and habits, the markings of his skin are quite different. Instead of being striped like the tiger, the skin of the jaguar is beautifully spotted. Each spot resembles a rosette, and consists of a black ring with a single dark-colored spot in the middle. Click here to read more.

Guatemala

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 20 Feb 2006 14:50:00 +0000

Guatemala has a long history of being a thriving fishing and farming community that can be dated back to 2000 BC, even before the Maya civilization dominated Central America. During the Early Classic period around AD 250, many magnificent temple cities were constructed in the Guatemalan highlands. However, by the Late Classic period, from AD 600 to 900, the primary power had moved to the lowlands of El Peten. However, after the mysterious demise of the Mayans, the Itzaes settled in El Peten.

Interestingly, many of the Mayan ruins were discovered when Pedro de Alvarado came to this country for the King of Spain in 1523. However, the kingdoms remaining in the highlands were crushed by Alvarado’s armies, lands turned into large estates, and the people exploited by the new property owners. Then friars of Dominican, Augustinian, and Franciscan arrived but they were unable to stop the exploitation. Sadly, the religious imperialism they brought with them was the cause of many valuable traces of the Mayan culture to be demolished. Click here to read more.

Volcanoes of Costa Rica

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Mon, 20 Feb 2006 14:50:00 +0000

Costa Rica is a place with pristine beaches, blue water, warm, sunny days, abundant fish life, and welcoming people. Interestingly, many people are not aware that Costa Rica is also home to 200 plus volcanic formations, dating back 65 million years! Of these, seven are active, which is related to the fertile soil.

Over the years, eruptions from these seven volcanoes have left massive destruction. Irazu is the highest volcano in Costa Rica while Poas is the second widest, which measures almost one mile in diameter, and Arenal is the most active. In 1963, Irazu erupted, spewing ash over San Jose and other areas for two years. The amount of ash that fell was so significant rooftops were covered with five inches while people had to walk around with a cloth to their face in order to breathe. Click here to read more.

Caracas Venezuela

noreply@blogger.com (Global Art Mall) — Fri, 17 Feb 2006 19:07:00 +0000

Caracas

Caracas is the capital of Venezuela. It is located in the north of the country, following the contours of a narrow mountain valley. The valley's temperatures are springlike, and the urbanizable terrain of the Caracas Valley lies between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (760 and 910 m) above sea level. The Valley is close to the Caribbean Sea , separated from the coast by a wall of mountains that rise to more than 7,000 feet (2130 m). The historic center of Caracas, known as the Libertador Department, had a population of 1.9 million in 2004. The metropolitan area, or Caracas region, boasted a population of 5.1 million in 2004.

History

The city was founded in 1527 as Santiago de León de Caracas by Spanish explorer Diego de Losada. The city of Caracas gave birth to two of America's most important figures Francisco de Miranda (1750) and "El Libertador" Simón Bolívar (1783).

An earthquake destroyed Caracas on March 26, 1812 and was portrayed by authorities as a divine punishment to people rebelling against the Spanish Crown.

As the economy of oil-rich Venezuela grew steadily during the first part of the 20th century, Caracas became one of Latin America's economical centers, and was also known as the preferred hub between Europe and South America. The Concorde used to fly weekly to Caracas implying its geographical and economical importance.

On October 17, 2004, one of the Parque Central Torre towers caught fire.

The city hosted the world heavyweight championship fight between George Foreman and Ken Norton on March 26, 1974. Foreman won by a 2nd round TKO.

Places of Interest

Capitolio Nacional

The National Capitol occupies an entire city block, and, with its golden domes and neoclassical pediments, can seem even bigger. The building was commissioned by Guzmán Blanco in the 1870s, and is most famous for its Salón Elíptico, an oval hall with a mural-covered dome and walls lined with portraits of the country's great and good.

Visit on Independence Day and you'll catch a glimpse of the original Act of Independence of 1811, installed inside a pedestal topped by a bust of Bolívar and displayed only on this most auspicious of public days. The halls surrounding the salon are daubed with battle scenes commemorating Venezuela's fight for independence.

Casa Natal de Bolívar

Skyscrapers may loom overhead, but there's more than a hint of original colonial flavor in this neatly proportioned reconstruction of the house where Simón Bolívar was born on July 24, 1783. The museum's exhibits include period weapons, banners and uniforms.

Much of the original colonial interior has been replaced by monumental paintings of battle scenes, but more personal relics can be seen in the nearby Museo Bolivariano. Pride of place goes to the coffin in which Bolívar's remains were brought from Colombia; his ashes now rest in the National Pantheon.

Bolívar's funeral was held 12 years after his death at the Iglesia de San Francisco, just a few blocks west, and it was also here that he was proclaimed 'El Libertador' in 1813. The church dazzles the eye with its richly gilded baroque altarpieces, and still retains much of its original colonial interior, despite being given a modernizing once-over by Guzmán Blanco.

Museo de Arte Colonial

The gardens that surround this museum are almost as enticing as its interior. The museum is housed in a gorgeous colonial country mansion known as Quinta de Anauco, which is surrounded by beautiful greenery. Inside the house you'll find meticulously restored rooms, filled with carefully selected works of art, furniture and period household odds and ends.

The quinta was well outside the historic town when it was built back in 1797, but today it's an oasis in the inner suburb of San Bernardino. Head there late on a Sunday morning and you might catch a chamber music concert in rooms which were once the house stables.

Panteón Nacional

Venezuela's most venerated building is five blocks north of Plaza Bolívar, on the northern edge of the old town. Formerly a church, the building was given its new purpose as the final resting place for eminent Venezuelans by Guzmán Blanco in 1874. The entire central nave is dedicated to Bolívar, with the altar's place taken by the hero's bronze sarcophagus, while lesser luminaries are relegated to the aisles. The national pantheon's vault is covered with 1930s paintings depicting scenes from Bolívar's life, and the huge crystal chandelier glittering overhead was installed in 1883 on the centennial of his birth. It's worth hanging around to catch the ceremonial changing of the guard, held several times a day.

Parque Central

An short saunter east of Plaza Bolívar takes you from historic to futuristic Caracas. Rather than a welcome expanse of inner-city greenery, this park is a concrete complex of five high-rise residential slabs of somewhat apocalyptic-appearing architecture, crowned by two 53-storey octagonal towers while one of them is currently going under major repairs due to the fire which burned the building on October 17, 2004.

Parque Central is Caracas' art and culture hub, loaded with museums, cinemas, the Complejo Cultural performing-arts center and the Ateneo de Caracas, home to the esteemed Rajatabla theatre company. The Mirador de la Torre Oeste, on the 52nd floor, gives a 360° bird's-eye view of the city.

Plaza Bolívar

Leafy Plaza Bolívar is the focus of the old town with the inevitable monument to El Libertador, Simon Bolívar, at its heart. Modern high-rise buildings have overpowered much of the colonial flavor of Caracas' founding neighborhood. But the lively area still boasts some important sites.