Caracas Venezuela

Caracas

Caracas is the capital of Venezuela. It is located in the north of the country, following the contours of a narrow mountain valley. The valley's temperatures are springlike, and the urbanizable terrain of the Caracas Valley lies between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (760 and 910 m) above sea level. The Valley is close to the Caribbean Sea , separated from the coast by a wall of mountains that rise to more than 7,000 feet (2130 m). The historic center of Caracas, known as the Libertador Department, had a population of 1.9 million in 2004. The metropolitan area, or Caracas region, boasted a population of 5.1 million in 2004.

History

The city was founded in 1527 as Santiago de León de Caracas by Spanish explorer Diego de Losada. The city of Caracas gave birth to two of America's most important figures Francisco de Miranda (1750) and "El Libertador" Simón Bolívar (1783).

An earthquake destroyed Caracas on March 26, 1812 and was portrayed by authorities as a divine punishment to people rebelling against the Spanish Crown.

As the economy of oil-rich Venezuela grew steadily during the first part of the 20th century, Caracas became one of Latin America's economical centers, and was also known as the preferred hub between Europe and South America. The Concorde used to fly weekly to Caracas implying its geographical and economical importance.

On October 17, 2004, one of the Parque Central Torre towers caught fire.

The city hosted the world heavyweight championship fight between George Foreman and Ken Norton on March 26, 1974. Foreman won by a 2nd round TKO.

Places of Interest

Capitolio Nacional

The National Capitol occupies an entire city block, and, with its golden domes and neoclassical pediments, can seem even bigger. The building was commissioned by Guzmán Blanco in the 1870s, and is most famous for its Salón Elíptico, an oval hall with a mural-covered dome and walls lined with portraits of the country's great and good.

Visit on Independence Day and you'll catch a glimpse of the original Act of Independence of 1811, installed inside a pedestal topped by a bust of Bolívar and displayed only on this most auspicious of public days. The halls surrounding the salon are daubed with battle scenes commemorating Venezuela's fight for independence.

Casa Natal de Bolívar

Skyscrapers may loom overhead, but there's more than a hint of original colonial flavor in this neatly proportioned reconstruction of the house where Simón Bolívar was born on July 24, 1783. The museum's exhibits include period weapons, banners and uniforms.

Much of the original colonial interior has been replaced by monumental paintings of battle scenes, but more personal relics can be seen in the nearby Museo Bolivariano. Pride of place goes to the coffin in which Bolívar's remains were brought from Colombia; his ashes now rest in the National Pantheon.

Bolívar's funeral was held 12 years after his death at the Iglesia de San Francisco, just a few blocks west, and it was also here that he was proclaimed 'El Libertador' in 1813. The church dazzles the eye with its richly gilded baroque altarpieces, and still retains much of its original colonial interior, despite being given a modernizing once-over by Guzmán Blanco.

Museo de Arte Colonial

The gardens that surround this museum are almost as enticing as its interior. The museum is housed in a gorgeous colonial country mansion known as Quinta de Anauco, which is surrounded by beautiful greenery. Inside the house you'll find meticulously restored rooms, filled with carefully selected works of art, furniture and period household odds and ends.

The quinta was well outside the historic town when it was built back in 1797, but today it's an oasis in the inner suburb of San Bernardino. Head there late on a Sunday morning and you might catch a chamber music concert in rooms which were once the house stables.

Panteón Nacional

Venezuela's most venerated building is five blocks north of Plaza Bolívar, on the northern edge of the old town. Formerly a church, the building was given its new purpose as the final resting place for eminent Venezuelans by Guzmán Blanco in 1874. The entire central nave is dedicated to Bolívar, with the altar's place taken by the hero's bronze sarcophagus, while lesser luminaries are relegated to the aisles. The national pantheon's vault is covered with 1930s paintings depicting scenes from Bolívar's life, and the huge crystal chandelier glittering overhead was installed in 1883 on the centennial of his birth. It's worth hanging around to catch the ceremonial changing of the guard, held several times a day.

Parque Central

An short saunter east of Plaza Bolívar takes you from historic to futuristic Caracas. Rather than a welcome expanse of inner-city greenery, this park is a concrete complex of five high-rise residential slabs of somewhat apocalyptic-appearing architecture, crowned by two 53-storey octagonal towers while one of them is currently going under major repairs due to the fire which burned the building on October 17, 2004.

Parque Central is Caracas' art and culture hub, loaded with museums, cinemas, the Complejo Cultural performing-arts center and the Ateneo de Caracas, home to the esteemed Rajatabla theatre company. The Mirador de la Torre Oeste, on the 52nd floor, gives a 360° bird's-eye view of the city.

Plaza Bolívar

Leafy Plaza Bolívar is the focus of the old town with the inevitable monument to El Libertador, Simon Bolívar, at its heart. Modern high-rise buildings have overpowered much of the colonial flavor of Caracas' founding neighborhood. But the lively area still boasts some important sites.

Montevideo Uraguay

Montevideo

Montevideo is the capital, chief port and largest city in Uruguay. Montevideo is situated in the South of the country, at the northern mouth of the very wide Plata River (Río de la Plata) estuary, 120 miles across from Buenos Aires at the southern side. The climate is mild, with average temperatures of approximately 13 °C.

History

The Portuguese founded Colonia del Sacramento in the 17th century despite Spanish claims to the area due to the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Spanish chased the Portuguese out of a fort in the area in 1724. Then, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala - governor of Buenos Aires - founded the city on December 24, 1726 to prevent further incursions.

In 1828, the town became the capital of Uruguay. There are at least two explanations for the name Montevideo: The first states that it comes from the Portuguese "Monte vide eu" which means, "I see a mountain". The second is that the Spaniards recorded the location of a fountain in a map as "Monte VI De Este a Oeste" meaning "The sixth mountain from east to west". The city's full original name is San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo.

The city fell under heavy British influence from the early 19th century until the early 20th century as a way to circumvent Argentine and Brazilian commercial control. Argentinian dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas between 1838 and 1851 repeatedly besieged it. Between 1860 and 1911, the British built an extensive railroad network linking the city to the surrounding countryside.

During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Montevideo, which was a neutral port during the war. After the Battle of the River Plate with the British navy on December 13, 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to the port. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on December 17th.

Growth/Economy

Montevideo began as a minor settlement. In 1860, Montevideo had a population of 37,787. By 1884, the population had grown to 104,472, including many immigrants. By this time, trade had become the main source of revenue for the city and it became a rival to Buenos Aires. During the early 20th century, many Europeans immigrated to the city, and by 1908, 30% of the population was foreign born.

During the mid-20th century, military dictatorship and economic stagnation caused a decline whose residual effects are still seen today. Many rural poor flooded the city, with a large concentration in Ciudad Vieja.

Recently, economic recovery and stronger trade ties with Uruguay's neighbors have led to renewed agricultural development and hopes for greater future prosperity.

As of 2004, the city has a population of 1.35 million out of a total 3.43 million in Uruguay. The greater metropolitan area has 1.8 million people.

Asuncion Paraguay

Asuncion

Asuncion, population 500,000+, is the capital of Paraguay. Its Metropolitan Area, named Gran Asunción, includes the cities of San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora, Lambaré, Luque, Mariano Roque Alonso, Ñemby and Villa Elisa; having more than 1,500,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of government, principal port and chief industrial and cultural centre of the country. Main outputs of the manufacturing industries include footwear, textiles, and tobacco products.

Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America, being known as Mother of Cities because it was from here where the colonial expeditions to found other cities departed, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires. The site of the city may have been first visited by Juan de Ayolas, but the town, called Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Our Lady of the Assumption), was founded in August 15, 1537, by Juan de Salazar and Gonzalo de Mendoza. In 1731 an uprising under José de Antequera y Castro was one of the first rebellions against Spanish colonial rule. After the War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70), Asunción was occupied by Brazilian troops until 1876.

The city is home to the Godoi Museum, the Church of La Encarnación, and the Panteón Nacional, a smaller version of Les Invalides in Paris, where many of the nation's heroes are entombed. Other landmarks include the Palacio de los Lopez (presidential palace) The old Senate building (a modern building opened to house Congress in 2003), the Catedral Metropolitana and the Casa de Independencia (one of the few examples of colonial architecture remaining in the city).

The downtown area of the city, near the port and centered on the Plaza de los Heroes, and the Plaza Uruguaya was largely developed during the 1970s and 1980s, leaving little of the colonial city. However it is now rather run down and somewhat dangerous at night. The 'better' areas of Asuncion are in the suburbs towards Avenida San Martin, where the Paraguayan elite shops in US-style shopping malls driving large SUVs. One of the most luxurious malls is called Shopping del Sol, which includes a Macys-style department store: Unicentro.

The main universities in the city are the Universidad Catolica Universidad Catolica(private, run by the church) and the Universidad Nacional (state run) Universidad Nacional. The Catolica has a site in the centre, next to the cathedral and a larger campus in the adjoining city of Lambare, while the Nacional has it's main campus near the adjoining city of San Lorenzo. There are also a number of smaller privately run universities.

The major newspapers based in Asuncion are ABC Color, Ultima Hora, Noticias and La Nacion. Of these ABC and Ultima Hora are probably the best regarded, however all Paraguayan media has questions about its independence hanging over it.

The City is served by a river terminal downtown, an international airport in the suburb of Luque and the main long-distance bus terminus is on Avenida Republica Argentina.

Cartagena, Colombia

Cartagena

Cartagena, Colombia, also known as Cartagena de Indias or La Heroica (The Heroic), is a large seaport on the north coast of Colombia. It also has a population of 1,120,000 and 2.6 million on the metropolitan area. Founded in 1533 by don Pedro de Heredia, and named after Cartagena, Spain, it was a major center of early Spanish settlement in the Americas, and continues to be an economic hub as well as a popular tourist destination.

Cartagena faces the Caribbean Sea to the west. To the south is the Bahia de Cartagena (Bay of Cartagena), which has two entrances: Bocachica in the south, and Bocagrande in the north.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cartagena was part of the Spanish Main, one of the chief ports of the Spanish treasure fleet and so a prime target for English and French pirate and privateers (such as Sir Francis Drake, who sacked the city in 1580). Many of Cartagena's fortifications still stand: the Castle of San Felipe de Barajas, built between 1536 and 1657; the walls around the Old City (las Murallas); the undersea wall across Bocagrande built between 1771 and 1778; and the forts of San Jose and San Fernando, built between 1751 and 1759 at Bocachica.

Many colonial buildings can be found in the Old City, including the Palace of the Inquisition, a cathedral, the Convent of Santa Clara (now a hotel) and a Jesuit college. St. Peter Claver patron saint of the slaves worked in and from the Jesuit college. Just outside the city walls, you can see the "India Catalina" statue, a local Indian hero.

To the south of the Murallas is the modern city of Cartagena on the peninsula of Bocagrande. Cartagena is the capital of the department of Bolivar, with a population of 812,595 (1997 estimate). It is one of Colombia's major seaports as well as the terminus of an oil pipeline. The city is served by Rafael Núñez International Airport, north of the city. Cartagena also is home of the largest Colombian Navy (Armada de la Republica de Colombia) base over the Caribbean, named A.R.C Bolivar.

About 30 km southeast of Cartagena are the Islas de Rosario (Rosario Islands), a nationally protected park that features an aquarium with trained dolphins and many varieties of tropical fish and sharks.

Due to Cartagena's tropical location, the climate changes very little, with an average high of 31°C (88°F) and an average low of 24°C (75.4°F) throughout the year. Cartagena also averages around 90% humidity, with a rainy season typically in October. Cartagena receives about 100 cm (40 inches) of rain a year.

La Paz Bolivia

Known as the highest capital city in the world, La Paz is situated high above sea level while sitting in a bowl enveloped by Altiplano. La Paz as a magnificent view of the triple peaks called Illmani that are always touched by snow. This capital city is a wonderful place to visit with a rich culture, warm people, and beautiful views.

Nestled between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru, Bolivia is the fifth largest country on the continent. The size of Bolivia is quite large, being approximately the size of Spain and France combined. There, you will discover the country is divided into five distinct regions. First, you have Altiplant, which is a tall plateau sitting about 11,480 feet above sea level. This particular region stretches from the Peruvian border to Argentina border.

The next region is the highland valleys, which sit to the south and east of Altiplano. The soil is rich and fertile soil and the climate absolutely perfect, making this a wonderful area for farming. Then, there is the Yungas that form the transition zone. This is a fascinating region in that you have the cold, icy peaks of the Andes coupled with the hot and steam rainforests of the Amazon. Next is Chaco, a plain located along the borders of Argentina and Paraguay that is so hot and dry, it is uninhabitable. Finally, Bolivia has the swampland region of the Amazonian Basin. There, you will find savannas, rainforests, and scrub that cover a large portion of the east and north sections of the country.

If you enjoy seeing abundant and unusual wildlife, then a trip to Bolivia is in order. Because it has such a small population and there is not much development, wildlife is massive. For example, llama, jaguar, anteater, capybara, alligator, rhea, alpaca, vicuna, tapir, and condor all call Bolivia home. Getting a glimpse of wildlife is commonplace and something the locals take for granted.

The climate in Bolivia is also interesting. Although you will typically enjoy cool temperatures with periods of rain from November to March, there are some areas that are extremely cold such as La Paz and Potosi. Snow in these areas is common and because of the runoff, the Altiplano region often floods. However, when visiting during the dry period, the weather is beautiful. There are hotter areas in the lowlands but even then, the nights tend to be cool.

It is believed that civilizations living within the Bolivian Andes date back to around 21,000 years. While there were several cultures, the Tiahuanaco (pre-Columbian) was probably the most influential. These people lived all around Lake Titicaca and ruled this area from AD 600 to 1200. Another strong influence was the Inca Indians, ruling a vast empire that consisted primarily of Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.

Then in the early 1500s, Francisco Pizarro led the Spanish quest. Amazing to everyone, the conquistadors made very fast progress where they exploited the Indians, gaining their trust to take over the territory, which was accomplished in a mere two years. This territory soon became known as Alto Peru.

Then by 1544, a discovery of small quantities of gold was made in Potosi. This find produced enough wealth to underwrite the Spanish economy for over two centuries. Unfortunately, mine workers, which consisted of Africans and enslaved Indians, were forces to work in such harsh conditions that most died within two to three years.

By 1824, the battle of Ayacucho raged on, led by Antonio Jose de Sucre whereby the independence from the profligate Spanish administration was achieved. Just one year later, Bolivia declared a republic. The land in Bolivia is so incredibly beautiful and rich with resources that it has long been coveted by other countries.

For example, Chile, who wanted more land, was first to enjoy some of the benefits from the War of the Pacific, fought from 1879 to 1884. Triumphing, Chile staked claim to 527 miles of coastline, which meant Bolivia lost some of Antofagasta leaving them with mostly land. After this accomplishment, others joined in to include Argentina, Brazil, and Peru, all taking bits and pieces of the beloved Bolivia borders. In fact, a huge border dispute took place in 1932 pertaining to Paraguay and oil deposits found in the Chaco region. However, Paraguay won, again leaving Bolivia without.

Bolivia has gone on through the years, fighting to repair damage and build connections with other countries and for this reason, is today seen as a very different country. The culture of La Paz Bolivia is quite diverse. Probably the musical traditional are the most distinct where you will often hear music playing throughout cities and hillsides. Dance is also popular, holding a very reverent place in this culture. The three most popular types of dance are called Auqui-Auqui, Cueca, and Tinku.

Another form of folk expression commonly seen in Bolivia is spinning and weaving. One of the fascinating aspects of this is that you can see differences in style and design between the various regions. However, the style and design for each region has changed very little over the past 3,000 years. The language in Bolivia is Spanish but interestingly, of the people living in Bolivia, only about 60% speak it and even then, it is usually just as a second language taking second to Aymara, which is a pre-Inca language or Quechua, Inca language.

When visiting Bolivia, you will find that meat is commonly served with side dishes of potatoes, rice, and shredded lettuce. To add spice to a meal, a hot sauce called Llajhua is used. Then to wash down the meal, you would like be offered some type of Bolivian beer, wine, or a drink called Chicha, which is potent maize liquor.

Bolivia is a fascinating place that has become more popular over the past several decades. The scenery is magical, making this a great place for those who enjoy outdoor life. While there are many places to visit while in Bolivia, some of the more intriguing include the Witches Market where you can buy all types of secret potions, Lake Titicaca, which features 36 islands and the most amazing, sapphire water in the world, and Laguna Colorado, which is a little off the beaten path but offers a fiery red lake surrounded by an amazing landscape.

San Paulo Brazil

First founded in 1554 by the Jesuits, San Paulo, Brazil is located on a plateau that sits 2,493 feet above see level and 45 minutes from the coast. Considered a mission center years ago for Indians and early settlers, San Paulo was for a long time, a small, sleepy town. However, sometime around 1850, the city began to expand, due primarily from high yielding coffee plantations. As the revenue from coffee export skyrocketed, the population grew to where it is today, a large financial and industrial center and more than 20 million people calling it home.

Because San Paulo manufacturers so much and is also a successful exporter, it is a very wealthy state with a Gross National Profit of $350 billion, more than one-third of Brazil’s $1.1 trillion Gross National Profit. All around San Paulo are very affluent areas that are truly beautiful. Interesting, many of these smaller towns were settled by Europeans and have the charm and sophistication of the European architecture and style. Two of the most important cities along the shoreline of Sao Paulo are Santos and Guaruja. In fact, Guaruja is kind of touristy while Santos features one of the world’s largest ports.

San Paulo, Brazil is a dynamic place again, known as South America’s financial center and second worldwide. What is so interesting about San Paulo is that instead of importing things such as planes, cars, computers, clothing, and so on, they manufacturer their own. The agribusiness there is also very strong where you will find some of the most impressive and modernized farms ever, growing everything from sugarcane, oranges, coffee, fruits, and vegetables.

Another fascinating aspect of San Paulo, Brazil is that more than one million of the population is the Japanese, making this the largest Japanese population outside of Japan. However, the population as a whole is comprised of more than 70 different nationalities from Europeans to Koreans to Hispanics to Jews and Africans, among others. Because of this, the food in San Paulo is absolutely wonderful and diverse. Therefore, if you enjoy dining out and experiencing authentic ethnic food, you will have your choices of thousands and thousands of fabulous restaurants.

Like Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo is a city that never sleeps. Therefore, if you have trouble sleeping, just walk to the 24-hour bookstore. If you want to see a movie at 3:00 in the morning, no problem and the same is true for shopping malls, restaurants, bars, and so on. In addition to the shops, you will also find exciting street fairs and exhibits located throughout the city. Other popular activities include a trip to one of the 15 zoos, botanical gardens, the Jockey Club, one of the world’s most famous Formula One race tracks, museums, excellent historical sites, every possible type of nightclub imaginable, and the list just goes on and on.

The architecture in San Paulo, Brazil is also quite fascinating in that you will find everything from traditional style building to ultra modern. If antiques are one of your favorite hobbies, then you want to visit the Ipiranga Imperial Museum, which has one of the largest art collections from the Brazilian imperial era to include paintings, furniture, gardens, and sculptures. The parks in San Paulo are also magnificent where you will often find lakes, planetariums, museums, sports complexes, restaurants, and gardens as apart of the design.

Keep in mind that most people say unless you have to travel to San Paul on business, stay away. The reason is that it is so gigantic, and the people are so business focused that it is not necessarily a place you would enjoy visiting. Most people feel a state of culture shock when they fly into San Paulo, completely swallowed up by size and activity level.

However, if you enjoy fast-pace life and are interested in seeing many of the great things San Paulo has to offer, then you would probably enjoy it. Just remember, it is a site to see and a city that requires a little getting used to. Therefore, plan accordingly and expect to be busy.

Rio de Janeiro

One of the many things that make Rio de Janeiro, Brazil such a fascinating place to visit is that this part of the world is a unique blend rainforest and the ocean. Without doubt, Rio de Janeiro has often been referred to as the most beautiful city in the world, with the locals calling it “cidade maravilhos”, which means magnificent city. Just as there are places in Brazil where you can enjoy peace and quiet, there are other places that are much like New York City, never sleeping and always exciting.

In Rio de Janeiro, you will find two spectacular beaches called Copacabana and Ipanema that stretch out over 45 miles of pristine, white sand. When you visit Brazil, there are three things you must experience. The first is the rainforests, the second is the electrifying nightlife, and the third is the magnificent beaches. Keep in mind that people in Rio de Janeiro often go topless so do not be offended as this is just a local custom. All along the beach will find wonderful people and quaint café culture that Brazil is so well known for.

The city of Rio de Janeiro has a history of 500 years, being founded in 1502. Here, you will enjoy a festival like atmosphere with lots of color, song, dancing, and a true youthful, lust for life. The people of Brazil are very warm and endearing, eager to show off the incredible land and life they enjoy. In fact, Rio de Janeiro is considered the art and cultural center of the continent and with good reason. Once you leave the beach for the day, you can treat yourself to contemporary art museums and galleries or shop for gorgeous jewelry all at very affordable prices.

Most of the hotels in Rio de Janeiro offer breathtaking views of Pao de Acucar, also known as Sugarloaf, which is a large, tranquil mountain or the Tijuca rainforest just 25 minutes away! If you prefer, you can stay in a home with locals, renting out a room to get a first-hand look at the life and culture. Therefore, whether you want to experience the natural environment around Rio de Janeiro or urban cultural adventures, this city has it all. Rio is so loved that more than 12 million people call it home and the numbers keep climbing.

What you find when you reach Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is a city that is sprawled out along a narrow strip of land that is nestled between two mountains with tropical vegetation and rock expanses on one side and then the wonderful, dark blue sea dotted with rocky islands to the other side. Truly, this is a travelers’ paradise with a big city atmosphere but small town hearts.

Arequipa on Lake Titicaca

Arequipa on Lake Titicaca is one of the pleasantest places in the world: mountain air, bright sunshine, warm days, cool nights, and a sparkling atmosphere dear to the hearts of star-gazers. The city lies on a plateau, surrounded by mighty snow-capped volcanoes, Chachani (20,000 ft.), El Misti (19,000 ft.), and Pichu Pichu (18,000 ft.). Arequipa is located on Puno bay.

The bay of Puno grows quantities of totoras, giant bulrushes sometimes twelve feet long. Ages ago the lake dwellers learned to dry the totoras, tie them securely in long bundles, fasten the bundles together, turn up the ends, fix smaller bundles along the sides as a free-board, and so construct a fishing-boat, or balsa. Of course the balsas eventually become water-logged and spend a large part of their existence on the shore, drying in the sun. Even so, they are not very buoyant.

Tiahuanaco, at the southern end of Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia, is famous for the remains of a pre-Inca civilization. Unique among prehistoric remains in the highlands of Peru or Bolivia are its carved monolithic images. Although they have suffered from weathering and from vandalism, enough remains to show that they represent clothed human figures. The richly decorated girdles and long tunics are carved in low relief with an intricate pattern. While some of the designs are undoubtedly symbolic of the rank, achievements, or attributes of the divinities or chiefs here portrayed, there is nothing hieroglyphic. The images are stiff and show no appreciation of the beauty of the human form. Probably the ancient artists never had an opportunity to study the human body. In Andean villages, even little children do not go naked as they do among primitive peoples who live in warm climates. The Highlanders of Peru and Bolivia are always heavily clothed, day and night. Forced by their climate to seek comfort in the amount and thickness of their apparel, they have developed an excessive modesty in regard to bodily exposure.

Among the thirty-six islands in Lake Titicaca, some belong to Peru, others to Bolivia. Two of the latter, Titicaca and Koati, were peculiarly venerated in Inca days. They are covered with artificial terraces, most of which are still used by the Indian farmers of today. On both islands there are ruins of important Inca structures.

The present-day Indians, known as Aymaras, seem to be hard working and fairly cheerful. During several months of the year everything is dried up and parched. The brilliant sun of the tropics, burning mercilessly through the rarefied air, causes the scant vegetation to wither. Then come torrential rains. Needless to say, such downpours tend to wash away the soil, which the farmers have painfully gathered for field or garden. The sun in the daytime is extremely hot, yet the difference in temperature between sun and shade is excessive. Furthermore, the winds at night are very damp; the cold is intensely penetrating. Fuel is exceedingly scarce, there is barely enough for cooking purposes, and none for artificial heat.

Food is hard to get. Few crops can be grown at 12,500 feet. Some barley is raised, but the soil is lacking in nitrogen. The principal crop is the bitter white potato, which, after being frozen and dried, becomes the insipid chuño, chief reliance of the poorer families. The Inca system of bringing guano from the islands of the Pacific coast has long since been abandoned.

Cuzco Peru

Cuzco is the oldest city in South America. Once the capital of the Incan Empire, it has always been one of the most developed cities in the ancient world. Just outside of Cuzco lie the ruins of Sacsahuaman built as a fortress to help protect the capital from attack. The entrance is marked by a massive megalithic gateway and astounding gray-blue walls. Here the ancient builders constructed three great terraces, which extend one above another for a third of a mile across the hill between two deep gulches. The lowest terrace of the fortress is faced with colossal boulders, many of which weigh ten tons and some weigh more than twenty tons, yet all are fitted together with the utmost precision.

About a mile northeast of Sacsahuaman are several small artificial hills, partly covered with vegetation, which seem to be composed entirely of gray-blue rock chips—chips from the great limestone blocks quarried here for the fortress and later conveyed with the utmost pains down to Sacsahuaman. They represent the labor of countless thousands of quarrymen. Even in modern times, with power drills, explosives, steel tools, and light railways, these hills would be noteworthy, but when one pauses to consider that none of these mechanical devices were known to the ancient stonemasons and that these mountains of stone chips were made with stone tools and were all carried from the quarries by hand, it fairly staggers the imagination.

The ruins of Sacsahuaman represent not only an incredible amount of human labor, but also a very remarkable governmental organization. That thousands of people could have been spared from agricultural pursuits for so long a time as was necessary to extract the blocks from the quarries, hew them to the required shapes, transport them several miles over rough country, and bond them together in such an intricate manner, means that the leaders had the brains and ability to organize and arrange the affairs of a very large population. Such a folk could hardly have spent much time in drilling or preparing for warfare. Their building operations required infinite pains, endless time, and devoted skill. Such qualities could hardly have been called forth, even by powerful monarchs, had not the results been pleasing to the great majority of their people, people who were primarily agriculturists. They had learned to avert hunger and famine by relying on carefully built, stone-faced terraces, which would prevent their fields being carried off and spread over the plains of the Amazon.

Such a display of the power to control the labor of thousands of individuals and force them to superhuman efforts on an unproductive undertaking, which in its agricultural or strategic results was out of all proportion to the obvious cost, might have been caused by the supreme vanity of a great soldier. On the other hand, the ancient Peruvians were religious rather than warlike, more inclined to worship the sun than to fight great battles. Was Sacsahuaman due to the desire to please, at whatever cost, the god that fructified the crops which grew on terraces? It is not surprising that the Spanish conquerors, warriors themselves and descendants of twenty generations of a fighting race, accustomed as they were to the salients of European fortresses, should have looked upon Sacsahuaman as a fortress. To them the military use of its bastions was perfectly obvious. The value of its salients and reëntrant angles was not likely to be overlooked, for it had been only recently acquired by their crusading ancestors. The height and strength of its powerful walls enabled it to be of the greatest service to the soldiers of that day. They saw that it was virtually impregnable for any artillery with which they were familiar. In fact, in the wars of the Incas and those which followed Pizarro's entry into Cuzco, Sacsahuaman was repeatedly used as a fortress.

So it probably never occurred to the Spaniards that the Peruvians, who knew nothing of explosive powder or the use of artillery, did not construct Sacsahuaman in order to withstand such a siege as the fortresses of Europe were only too familiar with. So natural did it seem to the first Europeans who saw it to regard it as a fortress that it has seldom been thought of in any other way. The fact that the sacred city of Cuzco was more likely to be attacked by invaders coming up the valley, or even over the gentle slopes from the west, or through the pass from the north which for centuries has been used as part of the main highway of the central Andes, never seems to have troubled writers who regarded Sacsahuaman essentially as a fortress. It may be that Sacsahuaman was once used as a place where the votaries of the sun gathered at the end of the rainy season to celebrate the vernal equinox, and at the summer solstice to pray for the sun's return from his “farthest north.” In any case I believe that the enormous cost of its construction shows that it was probably intended for religious rather than military purposes. It is more likely to have been an ancient shrine than a mighty fortress.

Quito, Ecuador

Quito, Ecuador is located in a narrow valley between the base of the volcano Pichincha and the river canyon, Machangara. Because of the lush valley and river canyon, most people are intrigued by the setting of Quito. During the day, the city of Quito is quite beautiful with its modern buildings that are perfectly balanced with classic architecture. At night, the city looks like a sea of lights with a backdrop of solid darkness from the volcanoes and forested mountains around it.

For people interested in visiting Ecuador, Quito would make an excellent destination. Here you will discover museums, quaint shops, wonderful restaurants and cafes, mountainous hikes, diverse excursions, and so much more. For this reason, you will find that Quito is a popular travel choice for people interested in rich history, exploration, or simply relaxation in a friendly city with warm-hearted people.

During the pre-Columbian era, many different tribes called Quito home. One of these tribes was the Quitus, from which the name “Quito” was derived. In the early part of the 16^th century, the Inca Indians controlled Ecuador. At this time, the capital was Quito, covering the northern half of the empire. However, by 1533, the power of the Incas was too much, destroying Quito so the conquistadors did not gain control. Just the following year the Spanish conquered the Inca Indians and Quito was rebuilt through an effort led by Lieutenant Sebastian de Benalcazar.

Then from 1544 to 1720, Ecuador was a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru although in 1563, Quito became a Royal Audiencia under Spain, which meant the city was now allowed to work directly with Madrid on specific issues rather than having to go through Lima, Peru. The modern day Quito is actually a city divided into old and new. The old city has not changed much since the end of the colonial period while the new city is set apart as its own with modern day structures, crowds of business people milling about, and everything you would expect in a modern world of the 21^st century.

For this reason, you see two very distinct cultures in the old and new cities of Quito, Ecuador so when visiting, you want to experience the flavor of both. Keep in mind that Quito is located at 9,252 feet above sea level so some people feel a little tired the first day as their body’s become accustomed to the altitude. The days are mild and the nights cool almost all year long. For example, you would expect daytime temperatures around 76 degrees while nighttime dips down to about 55 degrees.

In addition to being two cities, there are also two seasons – wet and dry. For the wet season, the Ecuadorians call this their winter while the dry season is equivalent to summer. Typically, the summer time runs from June to September while the winter months are from October to May. Additionally, the months of October to May are quite rainy but the weather still very nice.

Typically, people coming to visit Quito will arrive at Aeropuerto Mariscal Sucre (airport) and since the airport is located in the middle of the city, landing can be a little unnerving but the pilots are pros and will ensure you have a safe landing. To enter Ecuador, you will need a Visa and passport. Keep in mind that the Ecuadorians are strict about staying only as long as intended so to avoid penalty, keep to the schedule.

For accommodations, Quito offers many wonderful hotels and hostals, which are generally found in the center of the new city. Generally, the hotels range from cheap (usually in the old city) to very luxurious accommodations. We recommend for safety and comfort purposes, you stay in La Marical, which is where most foreign travelers stay. In this area, there are restaurants, shops, internet cafes, and many other conveniences.

You will also find several options for travel, most quite affordable. The most common form of transportation is by bus and if you ride the small pink or blue busses, called Populares, you will only pay $0.12. Now, for $0.20, you can ride the larger red bus, called Especiales or Selectivos. You can also travel for $0.15 by trolley car if you prefer. Additionally, tax cabs are available although most are old. Even so, you will generally pay just $1 for about a 20-minute ride.

For restaurants, most are very affordable and even less expensive is you buy a la carte. Lunch is called Almuerzo and dinner Merienda. For about $1.50 to $2, you would get a starter dish and drink. Then, you can choose from many main courses although usually offered is Pollo (chicken), Arroz (rice), Papas Fritas (chips and fries), and Platano Frito (fried bananas). Be careful when ordering in that some foods might not be appealing. For example, Cuv may sound succulent but only if you like roasted guinea pig.

Then for entertainment, there are several nice bars that also feature live music to include salsa or Ecuadorian folklore music. For rock and roll or western dance, you will find several nightclubs that cater to tourists. Just as with other countries, Quito usually has a $2 cover charge that may or may not include a beverage.

Finally, adventure is just outside your hotel door as you look out over the magnificent mountains. Quito is located in the Andes where mountains such as Cotopaxi Cavambe and Pichincha are nearby. You can take a daytrip with a guide if you like, even renting climbing equipment. In addition, there are many travel agencies in Quito that organize trips to Galapagos Islands. Well worth the trip as you see amazing wildlife to include penguins, turtles, sea lions, dolphins, and more.

Today, there are close to two million people living within 65 central and suburban metropolitan parishes that all work together. Quito is a diverse city with attractions, churches, monasteries and convents, a nature museum, Spanish Pavilion, and so many things to experience in this magnificently built city.

How to Die in China

I had only been in China for about an hour, yet I had almost died twice already. My death was to come by way of a traffic accident involving me as a pedestrian fatality.

Upon arrival at my hotel, I was eager to get out and see this new world. Perhaps a bit too eager. I did not bother to unpack. I just threw my luggage on the bed, splashed some water on my face, combed my hair, and headed out into the streets.

I knew there was a main shopping district a few blocks away from the maps I studied before my trip. It was on the opposite side of the street from the hotel.

I looked both ways and began crossing the street. Before I could get to the center line I had cars and trucks whizzing past me both front and back with barely an inch to spare. After nearly a minute of holding my breath the traffic broke just enough for me to run for my life to the other side.

Several blocks later, again I had to cross the street and again I was nearly smashed into the pavement. This was getting serious. One near fatality is one thing, but two for two required some serious consideration. I stood at the intersection and watched. I had to figure out why it was so dangerous to cross the street in China, yet the street was not littered with dead bodies.

It must be me.

As I watched, I noticed that there was an unspoken hierarchy in the street. At the top were trucks and buses, then cars, then bicycles, then last and least; pedestrians. It seemed it was the job of cars to stay out of the way of trucks and buses. Bicycles gave way to them as well and additionally to cars. People were at the bottom and yielded to all of forms of travel.

I understood. Since then, I have been able to survive the streets there.

Easter Island

Easter Island is a very small island located in the South Pacific between Chili and Tahiti. Created from a collection of huge volcanic eruptions, Easter Island was inhabited for millions of years by just dragonflies and birds. Eventually, Polynesian seafarers noticed the steep slopes of the island, drawing them in as a place of refuge. Part of the island features dangerous coastlines and literally hundreds of caves created naturally by the crashing and lava tubes. Because of this, these people found coming to shore very challenging.

Of all inhabited islands in the world, Easter Island is known as the most isolated. The shape of this island is triangular, covering just 53 miles. Formed when a plume of hot material rose from the Earth’s interior that then burned through the crust and erupted on the surface in the form of lava, this is a very interesting place. Today, people can visit Easter Island where volcanic cones make up each point. Of these, the larges is called Rano Kau, which can even be seen from space. Although smaller, the tallest of the cones is called Terevaka, reaching almost 12,000 feet above sea level. In addition, Easter Island features more than 70 eruptive centers although none have been active for 1,300 years.

On the north shore of Easter Island is Ovahe Beach or Anakena. Here, legend states that this beach is where King Hoto Matua first docked his canoe, which was the beginning of the pioneering of the island. Soon afterward, the island was excavated where it was discovered that the island offered a massive collection of erected Moai. More and more people made their way to this new colonized island, building houses and villages. In fact, history tells us that the number of people was so vast that people would turn their boats upside down for shelter until they could get a home completed. The settlement was on such a large scale that the forests were depleted.

Remnants of these structures were found in the 1800s although the majority had been destroyed by missionaires to make fences. Unfortunately, the damage done was significant, even more so than the Peruvian slave traders who came to Easter Island only to take most of the islander’s away and into slavery. Some people were able to escape where they hid in caves until being rescued by the missionaries. Even so, the missionaries were responsible for destroying the island’s religious artifacts, wooden sculptures but worst of all, Rongo-Rongo tablets, which were a record of Rapa Nui, the lost language. Because just a few of these tablets exist, no person has been able to decipher them.

In addition to its unmatched beauty, Easter Island is well known for the Moai statutes. With volcanic tuff being the ideal material to carve, Moai carvers, master craftsmen would create these incredible statues with a labor of love. The Moai statues are visible from all directions from the cliff face, mesmerizing all who come to see. While some of the reasons for the creation of these statues are speculation, many historians believe they were made for rituals and ceremonies.

At the completion of each statue, it was broken off at the keel and then very carefully slid down the mountainous slope with ropes tied off to giant palm tree trunks. The ceremonial platforms built to support the Moai statue collection are called Ahu. While these statues do not represent any specific person, some of them do have markings or inscriptions associated with chiefs. Interestingly, one of the great mysteries of Easter Island is why the carvers created the Moai sculptures with angular faces and long, phallus shaped bodies.

Easter Island is a real jewel located in an endless seat. The raw materials found there are bountiful and with new technology, the population growing. Even so, if you were to visit Easter Island today, you would still see signs of deforestation. Visiting the Moai sculptures is a once in a lifetime opportunity, offering an experience you will never forget. As you make your way around this small island, you can explore this site and many others to see for yourself why Easter Island is such a remarkable place.

Amazon Jungle

Unless you have seen a rainforest up and close, finding words to describe the experience is difficult. Even watching movies about the Amazon jungle, reading a book, or looking at someone else’s pictures simply does not provide you with the real experience. When you enter the Amazon jungle, you immediately gain a sense of empowerment, energy, reverence, and primeval.

When first going into the jungle, you notice the thickness of the air, which is humid and heavy. Although the air is so heavy, there is a sense of tranquility about it. The reason is that in the Amazon jungle there is no wind. As you walk around under a massive canopy of trees, all you feel is still, heavy air. However, understand that the air is also oxygen rich, which can be seen in the abundance of life all around. There is a sense of vibrancy and excitement resonating through the jungle.

You will notice that some areas of the jungle are so heavy with humidity and moisture with a fog that seems to follow you everywhere you go. This phenomenon actually has a name, “Cloud Forest.” While it may seem a little eerie at first, it also creates a sense of harmony and peace. In addition, the Amazon jungle can reach horrific temperatures. It is common for days to reach upwards of 100 degrees and even more above the canopy.

However, when you make your way down into the jungle, you will notice several differences. For example, as you look around, you will see colors of greens that you did not even know existed. The reason is that less than 10% of sunlight makes its way down into the depths of the forest, which is why temperatures there are generally 80 degrees or less.

You will also notice that there are hundreds of species of trees and vegetation. The display of nature is truly unlike anything you have ever seen. The strange thing about the Amazon jungle is that it seems as though everything is in some state, whether living, growing, breathing, or dying. You will see incredibly tall trees that tower over the jungle, many with leaves the size of large umbrellas. The tree’s vines are unbelievably large, wrapping around as though trying to capture the essence of the forest along with you. Even the trees have other plants growing out of them, creating an impressive sight.

To give you an idea of the vast vegetation, it is estimated that up to 15 different tree species lives on just one acre of land. In addition to the 300 some species of trees, the variety of plant species ranges upward of 400. Truly, each time you turn around or turn a corner, you will see something new and exciting. Then, you add in the filtered light shining down through the trees, the awesome shadows, varying shades, and magnificent hues of green, and you feel as though you just walked into heaven.

The Amazon jungle is something every person should see at least once. If you want to appreciate life and miracles, one look and you will convinced that there is no place on earth more beautiful.

Amazon River

Of all rivers in the world, the Amazon River is by far the most impressive. In fact, the amount of water the Amazon River carries out to sea is estimated at 20% of all the freshwater that is discharged into the oceans. This particular river is one of the longest around the globe, measuring between 3,903 and 4,195 miles long depending on differing reports. Regardless, both are quite long.

The Nile River is another impressive river that has been running neck and neck with the Amazon River for the title of the world’s longest river. The problem is that the two exact lengths are difficult to prove and the resources cannot seem to agree. Even if the Nile River should win this title, the Amazon River holds another title of “greatest volume of water going out to sea.”

If you were to measure the Amazon River at her widest point during the dry season, it would come out at 6.8 miles. However, throughout the year, both the river and tributaries can more than triple. As an example, when the season is dry, the number would be around almost 68 square miles. However, during the wet season when the land is covered with water, this number rises to a staggering 217 square miles.

Keep in mind that the river alone can reach upwards to 25 miles wide during flood season. Then, at the point where the Amazon River opens at the estuary, the width is more than 202 miles wide, so wide that ocean-going ships can make their way through easily and even navigate inland about 66% of the way up the river. Another fascinating aspect of this river is that it drains the entire Northern half of the South American continent, which is about 40%, which includes the torrential tropical rains, carrying tremendous volumes of water.

While we are all mesmerized by this river, it is also famous for a number of other things. For example, people love to go there to fish for catfish, which are most commonly found in the warm, slow moving waters of the streams and lakes. Although ugly just like the ones found in the United States, the catfish found in the Amazon River can weigh up to 40 pounds whereas in America, they are around 8 to 10 pounds. The reason – these fish have massive bodies of water to grow. In fact, there have been catfish captured in the Amazon River that have weighed well over 200 pounds.

Another fish calls the Amazon River home. This one is called Arapaima or Piraucu, which is the world’s largest freshwater fish. Many of the Arapaima coming out of the Amazon River have been recorded as weighing up to 450 pounds and measuring 15 feet in length. You will also find Piranha in this river, known for being able to tear a large animal to shreds in less than an hour. With razor sharp teeth, they live in pools and attack in pools, making escape difficult if not impossible. The Amazon River is also home to many interesting creatures that live outside the water. As an example, there is the Anaconda, the largest snake in the world.

The Amazon River sits right on the equator, which is why it is so massive. Going around the earth is a belt line of warm tropical weather with more than 400 inches of rain annually, or three inches daily. As the land around the river becomes saturated, also known as Amazon River Drainage Basin, it runs off and right into the river, providing it with a new supply of direct rain and the runoff water. Because of the volume of water received in this part of South America, the Amazon River cannot help but continue to retain its mammoth size and even grow during times of heavy rain.

To experience the Amazon River on a more personal level, you can take a number of reputable boat tours. The trained guides can point out wildlife, fish, and even introduce you to some of the local Amazon people. Just as an example, for around $1,200, you can take an eight day adventure that begins in Iquitos, through Santo Tomas, Nanay River, Amazon River, Napo River, .Sucusari River, to the Amazon Center for Education and Environmental Research, back to the Napo River, Amazon River, and returning to Iquitos. People who have taken this Amazon River tour will tell you that paddling is challenging but getting to see the unspoiled land is worth every stroke. The natives are engaging and very hospitable, eager to share stories about their life in this hidden oasis.

San Jose, Costa Rica

San José

San José is the capital and largest city of the nation of Costa Rica. It is also the capital of San José Province.

San José is located in the center of the country. It is on a mountain plateau at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea level. In 1997 the city had an estimated population of 329,154 people: the latter half of the 20th century was a period of rapid growth for the city, considering that in 1950 its population was a mere 86,900.

History

San José was a small village of little significance until 1824. In that year, Costa Rica's first elected head of state, liberal Juan Mora Fernández, decided to move the government of Costa Rica from the Old Spanish colonial capital of Cartago and make a fresh start with a new city. This was a time of much optimism in the newly independent nation of Central America, of which Costa Rica was at that time a state (see: History of Central America). The new capital of San José grew rapidly. Because of its late 18th century origin, San José has little of the Spanish colonial architecture common in most other Latin American capitals.

The University of Costa Rica was established here in 1843. San José also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Since then, it has grown rapidly and extended in the Central Valley. Along with Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago and other cities, the population reached 1.57 million in 2004, number 76 in the list of largest cities in the Americas. The cities of Heredia, Alajuela and San José are very close to each other. The Juan Santamaría International Airport and the Palacio de los Deportes are located in the metropolitan area, GAM San José.

Important places in the city include the Banco Central de Costa Rica, La Sabana Metropolitan Park, Avenida Central (which is one of the major commercial areas in the city). The Central Park and la Plaza de la Cultura are visited by thousands of workers and tourists every day. The Melico Salazar Theater (National Theatre) and the Cathedral are landmarks in the central area. In the south, the Clínica Bíblica (a private hospital) and the Pacific Train Station are important buildings.

Attractions

In San Jose there are many museums and attractions offering a different alternative to explore the city. One of these is the gold museum offering a rare look at the different gold artifacts of ancient Latin American civilizations. A second interesting attraction for the less adventurous is the Lancaster Botanical Gardens just outside of San Jose. A third famous Costa Rican location is the Hotel and Casino del Ray, which is a famous hotel in the heart of San Jose with the famous Blue Marlin Bar inside.

El Salvador

During the 1980s, El Salvador went through a very fierce civil war that involved both farmlands and mountains. Although a difficult time, El Salvador is now a beautiful country that is too often overlooked. Because of its past of crime, many people choose other places in Central America to visit. However, this country is a beautiful place with magnificent landscapes, volcanoes, beautiful lakes and valleys, and wonderful people. Even though there remains a minor problem with petty theft, as long as tourists maintain a level of awareness, travel during the day, travel in groups, and stay in the right areas, they will enjoy a wonderful time.

The best time to visit El Salvador is from the months of November through April, which is considered the “dry season.” During this time, the roads are much easier to travel and you will not have to bother with the rain. Additionally, the dry season offers many more festivals. In fact, from Christmas through the mid part of January, you will enjoy some of the major holiday periods. Then, prior to Easter, there is a week-long festival. If you go in the wet season, the San Salvador annual festival in August is a grand time for all. One advantage of visiting El Salvador during the wet season is that the price of hotel accommodations is cut by about 50% and the beaches are not nearly as crowded with locals and other tourists.

Another fabulous festival held in August is called El Salvador del Mundo, which is in honor of the patron saint of the country. There is the Semana Santa, the week preceding Easter and then in December, the Virgen de Guadalupe. For attractions, there are all types of places to go such as La Libertad, which is a great place if you love to surf. Interestingly, this destination is said to have some of the best waves in the Pacific Ocean. Other than surfing however, there is not much else to do there. However, the Monte Cristo Cloud Forest stretches out over a vast area and with 80 inches and 100% humidity each year, everything is lush and green. You will even find laurel trees that grow close to 100 feet tall. The forest also features beautiful ferns, mushrooms, orchids, moss, and is the home to spider monkeys, pumas, toucans, owls, agoutis, and two-fingered anteaters.

You will also find a number of places off the beaten path such as Cerro Verde, which is actually a national park. There is an incredible view of the steaming Volcan Izalco, also known as the “lighthouse of the Pacific”, and the blue, volcanic crater lake called Lago de Coatepeque. One of the fascinating aspects of this area is that 200 years earlier, Volcan Izalco was simply a hole with massive columns of black smoke rising high into the sky. However, it continued to grow and today, measures 6,265 feet. Even to the current century, the volcano erupted.

If you enjoy the outdoors and love to hike, the volcanic terrain is an ideal place as you walk along the rim of the Boqueron volcano or you can actually hike down into the crater itself. Boating, wave surfing, sun tanning, kayaking, rafting, or just watching sea turtles and dolphins are all enjoyable activities. While there is not much nightlife, there is a vast open range for the outdoor enthusiasts. Located near Chalchupa in the western part of El Salvador is the Olmec Boulder, which is a stone sculpture of a giant head. This particular statue is evidence that the Olmec civilization have been present in this particular area starting from around 2000 BC. You can also visit Tazumal and San Andres where there are interesting pyramid ruins, which shows that the Mayan people lived there sometime about 1000 years earlier. However, when the Spanish arrived during the 16^th century, the Pipil people dominated the country, which were descendants of the Aztec and Toltec Indians.

Like many countries in Central America, El Salvador went through a period of unrest and change, as well as social and economic injustices. Due to an over population in the 1960s, many of the El Salvador people fled into Honduras looking for work. The 1970s were a difficult time for this country with the increase of gorilla activity but by 1979, the people were fed up and determined to reform. In 2001, a major earthquake touched off a massive mudslide that buried the middle-class neighborhood of Las Colinas, as well as some of the surrounding shantytowns.

Today, there has been a lot of rebuilding. The people of El Salvador enjoy pop music as heard in the United States and Mexico, they have a famous art school called La Palma, which was started by a wonderful artist by the name of Fernando Llort, there are many beautiful churches, and many of the younger generation speak English. The cuisine in El Salvador is often a mix of rice and beans, or a dish called Pupusas, which is cornmeal stuff with farmer’s cheese, fried pork fat, and/or refried beans. Licuados are a popular fruit drink and coffee is also very popular.

Although the country of El Salvador is small, is has beautiful green vegetation and again, more than 25 extinct volcanoes. Less than 6% of El Salvador is still forested land where coffee predominates much of the highlands and then in the lowlands, you will find fields of sugar while the coastal plains is where cotton grows. El Salvador may not for everyone but for those who appreciate a more rustic destination, there are many wonderful opportunities.

Painted Ox Carts of Sarchi Costa Rica

Painted Ox Carts of Sarchi Costa Rica

The painted ox carts of Sarchi in Costa Rica are absolutely, stunning. Just as you will see oxen pulling these beautifully colored carts, you can also visit a number of factories while in Sarchi that make impressive miniature replicas. If you head to the main factory, you can watch these small versions of the real thing being made from quality wood and each hand painted.

Also called Las Carretas (the cart), these hand painted oxen carts are designed with two wheels. Interestingly, the painted ox carts were recognized in 1988 as a symbol of the handicrafts coming out of Costa Rica. Most are still today produced in private mini-factories in Sarchi, which is a quaint, small village nestled to the north of the province of Alajuela.

The wooden circles for wheels are painted in small gardens, each created into patterned designs. These carts were commonly seen in many areas of Costa Rica until 1840 when suddenly, the importance of coffee plantations exploded. Now keep in mind that the Las Carretas were the only source of transportation for the country during the early years. In fact, they were originally pulled by people, not oxen. However, as the need for transporting goods grew, the loads became too heavy and the people were replaced by ox.

During the colonial era, the Carretas were most famous for pulling coffee. The oxen would pull the carts through some rough terrain and muddy roads that went between Puntarenas and Central Valley. Then in 1903, people decided to start enhancing the carts by decorating the circle wheels. However, by 1915, to create a distinct look between families, the entire wheels were painted and decorated.

Approximately 45 years later, motorized transportation was developed, so the cart purpose changed to one of tourist. As you travel through Sarchi, Costa Rica, you will see these beautifully painted ox carts displayed in gardens, as well as used for transportation. Additionally, the Carretas are used in parades and festivals. Of all the ox carts parades, the one that is best known is called Escazu. Held annually on the second Sunday of the month of March, the sight of all the beautiful color and creativity is truly an inspiration.

The wheels of the ox cart are made from Lagarto wood, which is strong. However, the unique and wonderful sound is what is so distinct. Although the painted ox carts got their start in the early part of the 19^th century, they are still an important part of the history for Costa Rica. As you make your way through the country, you will see these carts still in use, often driven by old men with leather, tanned faces.